“双碳”目标下中国新能源汽车关键矿产需求的多情景动态考察
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郑林昌,男,山东阳谷人,教授,研究方向为资源利用、生态保护与可持续发展。E-mail: zhenglinchang@126.com |
收稿日期: 2024-07-14
修回日期: 2024-10-14
网络出版日期: 2025-08-13
基金资助
国家社会科学基金重大项目(23ZDA106)
Multi-scenario dynamic analysis of demand for critical minerals in China’s new energy vehicles under “dual carbon” goals
Received date: 2024-07-14
Revised date: 2024-10-14
Online published: 2025-08-13
【目的】 交通领域实施“双碳”政策,能够影响新能源汽车的规模和性能,并最终影响新能源汽车关键矿产的消费需求。为积极应对关键矿产供需压力,亟需考察“双碳”政策对中国新能源汽车关键矿产消费需求的影响。【方法】 基于Gompertz模型预测新能源汽车销量,以及新能源汽车相关参数的测算和设定,测算不同“双碳”政策情景和锂电池技术路线下,2022—2035年新能源汽车对关键矿产的消费需求。【结果】 ①新能源汽车不同车型的单车关键矿产消费量有不同的变化,如纯电动乘用车、纯电动专用车的单车锂消费量会增加。②新能源汽车对锂、镍、钴、钕、镝、镨的消费需求量会快速增加,在基准政策情景下,消费需求年均增速高达15.97%~16.10%、13.15%~17.01%、7.42%~12.66%、12.05%~14.24%、11.94%~14.12%、11.94%~14.12%。③新车生产是新能源汽车关键矿产消费需求的主要贡献力量但贡献力量会减小;纯电动乘用车是新能源汽车关键矿产消费需求的主要贡献力量;锂电池更换产生的关键矿产消费需求的贡献会增加。④采用相同三元材料电池技术路线,激进政策情景下新能源汽车对锂、镍、钴、钕、镝、镨的消费需求更大;在相同“双碳”政策情景下,采用高镍、NCA电池技术路线新能源汽车对镍的需求量更多,采用低镍技术路线新能源汽车对钴的需求量更多。【结论】 2022—2035年,中国新能源汽车规模的快速增长和单车矿产消费量的变化会大幅增加对关键矿产的需求,并进一步增加锂、钴、镍等关键矿产的供需压力,需要通过引导新能源汽车绿色消费、推动循环经济发展、全球布局产业链和供应链、强化技术研发等来缓解关键矿产的供需压力。
郑林昌 , 鲍文琪 , 陈格 , 耿傲淼 . “双碳”目标下中国新能源汽车关键矿产需求的多情景动态考察[J]. 资源科学, 2025 , 47(7) : 1485 -1504 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2025.07.08
[Objective] The implementation of the “dual carbon” goals in the transportation sector significantly affects the scale and performance of new energy vehicles, thereby altering the consumption demand for critical minerals in these vehicles. To actively address the supply and demand pressure on critical minerals, it is imperative to evaluate the impact of the “dual carbon” goals on the consumption demand of critical minerals for new energy vehicles in China. [Methods] Based on the Gompertz model, this study predicted the sales of new energy vehicles, and calculated and set the related parameters for new energy vehicles. The consumption demand for critical minerals in new energy vehicles from 2022 to 2035 was estimated under different “dual carbon” policy scenarios and lithium battery technology pathways. [Results] (1) The per-vehicle consumption of critical minerals varied across different types of new energy vehicles, with lithium consumption increasing in passenger battery electric vehicles and special-purpose battery electric vehicles. (2) The consumption demand for lithium, nickel, cobalt, neodymium, dysprosium, and praseodymium in new energy vehicles was expected to increase rapidly. Under the benchmark policy scenario, the annual growth rates of consumption demand were 15.97%~16.10%, 13.15%~17.01%, 7.42%~12.66%, 12.05%~14.24%, 11.94%~14.12%, and 11.94%~14.12%, respectively. (3) The production of new vehicles was the main contributor to the consumption demand for critical minerals in new energy vehicles, although its contribution was expected to decline. Passenger battery electric vehicles remained the primary contributor to consumption demand for critical minerals in new energy vehicles. Meanwhile, the contribution from battery swapping was projected to increase. (4) When adopting the same ternary battery technology pathways, new energy vehicles under aggressive policy scenarios demonstrated increased demand for lithium, nickel, cobalt, neodymium, dysprosium, and praseodymium. Under identical “dual carbon” policy scenarios, new energy vehicles adopting high-nickel and nickel-cobalt-aluminum battery technologies had higher demand for nickel, while those using low-nickel alternatives had higher demand for cobalt. [Conclusion] From 2022 to 2035, the rapid expansion of China’s new energy vehicle market, along with changes in per-vehicle mineral consumption, will significantly increase demand for critical minerals while exacerbating supply-demand tensions, particularly for lithium, cobalt, and nickel. To mitigate these pressures, it is necessary to promote green consumption of new energy vehicles, advance the development of a circular economy, optimize the global layout of industrial and supply chains, and strengthen technological research and development.
表1 不同政策情景下新能源汽车市场渗透率 (%)Table 1 Market penetration rate of new energy vehicles under different policy scenarios (%) |
| 年份 | 温和政策情景 | 基准政策情景 | 激进政策情景 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | 40 | 50 | 60 |
| 2030 | 60 | 70 | 80 |
| 2035 | 70 | 80 | 90 |
表2 2025、2035年新能源汽车装配永磁电机平均功率设定值 (kW)Table 2 Average power settings of permanent magnet motors for new energy vehicles in 2025 and 2035 (kW) |
| 年份 | 纯电动乘用车 | 纯电动客车 | 纯电动专用车 | 插电式混合 动力乘用车 | 插电式混合 动力客车 | 氢燃料电池 乘用车 | 氢燃料电池 客车 | 氢燃料电池 专用车 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | 180 | 190 | 160 | 175 | 185 | 116 | 175 | 140 |
| 2035 | 220 | 230 | 180 | 215 | 225 | 170 | 180 | 160 |
注:中间年份按照年均增速处理。 |
表3 新能源汽车及动力锂电池平均最长使用年限Table 3 Average maximum service life of new energy vehicles and lithium batteries |
| 平均最长使用年限 | 时间 | 乘用车 | 客车 | 专用车 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 汽车 | 2010—2035年 | 15 | 10 | 10 |
| 动力锂电池 | 2010—2018年 | 8 | 5 | 4 |
| 2019—2025年 | 10 | 7 | 5 | |
| 2026—2035年 | 12 | 9 | 6 |
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