农户粮食生产规模效率及其影响因素分析——基于黑、豫、川三省玉米种植户的调查数据
作者简介:贾琳,女,河北正定人,博士生,讲师,研究方向为产业经济。E-mail:yang_lin99@163.com
收稿日期: 2016-09-14
要求修回日期: 2017-02-21
网络出版日期: 2017-05-20
基金资助
中国农业科学院科技创新工程(ASTIP-IAED-2016-03)
Scale efficiency of grain production and influencing factors based on survey data from Heilongjiang,Henan and Sichuan
Received date: 2016-09-14
Request revised date: 2017-02-21
Online published: 2017-05-20
Copyright
农业经营规模和效率及效率的影响因素分析一直是学术界的研究热点。本文基于黑龙江、河南和四川三省的517份玉米种植户的调查数据,采用DEA方法对玉米种植规模效率进行了测算,并用Tobit方法对影响规模效率的因素进行了分析。结果表明,总体上玉米种植规模效率较高,达到0.90,但仍有进一步提升的空间;玉米种植规模效率省际差异明显,黑龙江省最高,四川省最低;针对不同规模分组的考察,发现规模效率随着规模的增加呈现先上升后下降的态势,说明推进规模经营应该因地制宜,并且不能盲目追求规模的扩大。Tobit分析表明,户主的教育程度越高、户主出县打过工对规模效率产生显著正向影响,家庭非农收入占纯收入的比重与规模效率显著负相关。因此,要加大对农民的培训,培育新型职业农民,为规模经营农户提供更好的科技支撑。
贾琳 , 夏英 . 农户粮食生产规模效率及其影响因素分析——基于黑、豫、川三省玉米种植户的调查数据[J]. 资源科学, 2017 , 39(5) : 924 -933 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2017.05.12
Farm size and scale efficiency are hot issues. In recent years,farm size has expanded rapidly in China. Due to the lack of scale management experience,farmers have not realized yield or income growth and farmers' enthusiasm for production has declined. It is therefore necessary to study the scale efficiency of grain production. Here,we discuss farmer's scale efficiency using maize farming households as an example. The data was collected from three maize producing provinces,Heilongjiang,Henan and Sichuan,located in Northeast,North and Southwest China. Based on 517 surveys we employed the DEA approach to estimate maize scale efficiency and utilized a Tobit regression to analyze influencing factors. The results indicated that overall scale efficiency is 0.90. It is high but there is room for efficiency improvements. The scale efficiency of maize production is significantly different in the provinces. The highest scale efficiency is in Heilongjiang and the lowest is in Sichuan. By dividing the data according to farmer scale we found that scale efficiency drops with increasing scale after rising first. Based on these findings we should promote scale management suiting local conditions instead of expanding blindly. Tobit regression shows that the higher the education level of household head,household head as a migrant worker in cities have a significant positive impact on the scale efficiency. The proportion of non-farming income to net income of household is negatively correlated with scale efficiency. Therefore we should strengthen the training of farmers,cultivate new professional farmers and provide better technical support for scale farmers.
Table 1 Distribution of survey samples表1 调查样本分布 |
| 调查县/市 | 调查乡(镇)数 | 调查村庄数 | 有效样本数/户数 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 黑龙江 | 肇东市、龙江县、汤原县、宁安市 | 8 | 22 | 178 |
| 河南 | 西平县、夏邑县、许昌县、安阳县 | 8 | 16 | 252 |
| 四川 | 资阳市、邻水县、南部县、中江县 | 9 | 42 | 87 |
| 合计 | 12 | 25 | 80 | 517 |
Table 2 Basic situation of maize production in the sample villages of survey provinces in 2014表2 2014年调研样本玉米种植基本情况 |
| 户均耕地面积 /hm2 | 非农就业 劳动力比例/% | 耕地流转比例 /% | 玉米播种面积最大值/hm2 | 玉米播种面积 最小值/hm2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 黑龙江(N=22) | 1.73 | 28.95 | 39.21 | 68.33 | 0.35 |
| 河南(N=16) | 0.30 | 40.64 | 41.34 | 80.00 | 0.07 |
| 四川(N=42) | 0.22 | 46.85 | 30.02 | 4.13 | 0.02 |
注:①户均耕地面积、非农就业劳动力比例、耕地流转比例数据根据各省村表问卷计算得到;②玉米播种面积最大值、玉米播种面积最小值数据是农户数据,用于下文农户玉米规模经营效率的计算。 |
Table 3 Summarize of variables in DEA model表3 DEA模型中变量的描述性统计 |
| 变量名称 | 变量说明 | 平均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 产出 | |||||
| 玉米产量y | 14%左右含水量的玉米干粮产量/万kg | 2.38 | 5.48 | 0.01 | 107.11 |
| 投入 | |||||
| 土地x1 | 玉米播种面积/hm2 | 2.34 | 5.77 | 0.02 | 80.00 |
| 劳动x2 | 自有和雇佣劳动力投入/h | 264.39 | 564.30 | 1.00 | 9 455.00 |
| 种子x3 | 玉米种子投入/元 | 2 267.42 | 6 175.30 | 22.00 | 92 250.00 |
| 农药x4 | 防治病虫害、除草剂、生长调节剂的投入/元 | 1 020.18 | 2 378.12 | 4.00 | 31 200.00 |
| 化肥x5 | 化肥总投入/元 | 5 467.79 | 14 288.49 | 0 | 190 210.00 |
| 机械x6 | 自有和雇佣机械投入/h | 65.36 | 111.51 | 0.20 | 1 679.00 |
Table 4 Analysis of Tobit variables表4 Tobit模型变量分析 |
| 变量 | 变量含义 | 变量类型 | 均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 规模效率 | Deap2.1软件测算出的规模效率值,取值[0,1] | 截断数据[0,1] | 0.90 | 0.14 | 0.20 | 1.00 |
| 户主年龄/岁 | 连续变量 | 51.06 | 11.02 | 24.00 | 76.00 | |
| 户主受教育程度 | 文盲=0,小学=1,初中=2,高中及以上=3 | 离散变量 | 1.74 | 0.75 | 0 | 3.00 |
| 是否出县打过工 | 户主是否出县打过工(是=1;否=0) | 虚拟变量 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0 | 1.00 |
| 从事粮食生产时间 | 户主从事粮食生产时间/年 | 连续变量 | 30.86 | 13.65 | 0 | 61.00 |
| 2011-2013年家庭成员是 否参加过农业技术讲座 | 是=1;否=0 | 虚拟变量 | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0 | 1.00 |
| 2012-2014年农户年均非 农收入占纯收入比重 | 连续变量 | 0.46 | 0.34 | 0 | 1.00 | |
| 2014年耕地肥力 | 好=1,中=2,差=3 | 离散变量 | 1.63 | 0.61 | 1.00 | 3.00 |
| 2014年耕地能否灌溉 | 是=1,否=0 | 虚拟变量 | 0.65 | 0.48 | 0 | 1.00 |
| 地区控制变量 | D1=1,河南;D1=0其他;D2=1,黑龙江,D2=0,其他;D3=1,四川,D3=0,其他 | 虚拟变量 | - | - | - | - |
Table 5 Scale efficiency of maize farming households from input perspective表5 投入导向下农户玉米生产规模效率 |
| 组别 | 规模区间 /hm2 | 样本数量 /户 | 样本平均规模 /hm2 | 综合技术 效率 | 纯技术 效率 | 规模 效率 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | <0.67 | 218 | 0.28 | 0.53 | 0.68 | 0.80 |
| 2 | 0.67~1.33 | 66 | 0.90 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.98 |
| 3 | 1.33~2.00 | 55 | 1.56 | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.99 |
| 4 | 2.00~2.67 | 54 | 2.28 | 0.68 | 0.70 | 0.98 |
| 5 | 2.67~3.33 | 29 | 2.92 | 0.74 | 0.76 | 0.97 |
| 6 | 3.33~5.00 | 47 | 4.16 | 0.64 | 0.67 | 0.96 |
| 7 | 5.00~6.67 | 22 | 5.72 | 0.68 | 0.72 | 0.95 |
| 8 | 6.67~10.00 | 10 | 7.74 | 0.69 | 0.75 | 0.92 |
| 9 | 10.00~13.33 | 6 | 10.94 | 0.83 | 0.90 | 0.91 |
| 10 | 13.33~20.00 | 6 | 17.06 | 0.69 | 0.84 | 0.83 |
| 11 | 22.80 | 1 | 22.80 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 12 | 55.13 | 1 | 55.13 | 0.65 | 1.00 | 0.65 |
| 13 | 68.33 | 1 | 68.33 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 0.90 |
| 14 | 80.00 | 1 | 80.00 | 0.63 | 1.00 | 0.63 |
Table 6 Production efficiency of maize production of three provinces表6 各省样本农户玉米生产效率 |
| 样本数量 | 综合 技术效率 | 纯技术 效率 | 规模效率 | 规模报酬递增样本数量 | 规模报酬递减样本数量 | 规模报酬不变样本数量 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 黑龙江 | 178 | 0.76 | 0.79 | 0.96 | 45 | 102 | 31 |
| 河南 | 252 | 0.58 | 0.66 | 0.90 | 177 | 71 | 4 |
| 四川 | 87 | 0.42 | 0.60 | 0.75 | 84 | 1 | 2 |
Table 7 The regression results of variables表7 变量回归结果 |
| 解释变量 | 回归1 | 回归2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 系数 | P值 | 系数 | P值 | |
| 年龄 | -0.002 8***(0.001 0) | 0.005 | -0.000 8 (0.000 9) | 0.351 |
| 受教育程度 | 0.020 2** (0.009 6) | 0.035 | 0.017 7** (0.008 8) | 0.045 |
| 是否出县打过工 | 0.023 2* (0.014 1) | 0.099 | 0.029 5** (0.012 9) | 0.023 |
| 从事粮食生产时间 | -0.000 4 (0.000 8) | 0.608 | -0.000 1 (0.000 8) | 0.894 |
| 是否参加过农业技术讲座 | 0.036 2***(0.013 7) | 0.008 | 0.020 0 (0.012 6) | 0.114 |
| 非农收入占纯收入比重 | -0.099 6***(0.019 8) | 0.000 | -0.051 3***(0.019 5) | 0.009 |
| 耕地肥力 | -0.006 9 (0.010 9) | 0.532 | 0.003 4 (0.010 0) | 0.738 |
| 耕地能否灌溉 | 0.035 1***(0.014 1) | 0.013 | 0.001 7 (0.016 5) | 0.917 |
| 地区控制变量D1 | 0.140 7***(0.021 3) | 0.000 | ||
| 地区控制变量D2 | 0.203 8***(0.020 9) | 0.000 | ||
| 常数项 | 1.145 4***(0.050 0) | 0.000 | 0.784 0***(0.052 8) | 0.000 |
| LR chi2 | 93.71 | 181.99 | ||
| Prob>chi2 | 0.000 0 | 0.000 0 | ||
注:符号***、**、*分别表示在1%、5%和10%的水平下显著,括号内为系数的标准误。 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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