海上可再生能源开发利用研究综述——基于五维框架的分析
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杜文杰,男,河南信阳人,博士研究生,研究方向为能源地理、资源生态与自然资源保护。E-mail: duwjie@163.com |
收稿日期: 2024-05-21
修回日期: 2024-09-18
网络出版日期: 2025-05-12
基金资助
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA/29010500)
Review on development and utilization of offshore renewable energy: An analysis based on a five-dimensional framework
Received date: 2024-05-21
Revised date: 2024-09-18
Online published: 2025-05-12
海上可再生能源潜力丰富,具有协同开发的特点和潜力,但也面临环境复杂、可靠性差及空间竞争等问题;且其跨学科理论基础尚未得到充分认识,可持续开发与利用路径缺乏系统性认知。本文从能源地理学的视角切入,构建了涵盖潜力、技术、产业、空间和治理共5个维度的研究框架,通过多维度整合与跨领域分析,系统梳理了海上可再生能源开发利用在潜力评价、技术开发、产业协同、空间评估及影响治理等方面的研究进展。综述发现:①海上可再生能源尚处于发展初期,具有“种类多潜力大但技术失衡、场景丰富但融合不足”的显著特征。具体表现为,海上风电技术成熟且在开发中占据主导地位,能源产业开发方式多样且融合场景丰富,但短期内开发方式仍以单一开发为主导。开发利用具有显著环境效益但可能导致风险转移。②科学研究、技术开发与产业融合实践远远落后于海上资源开发利用的现实需求,具体表现为能源潜力评价尺度不同导致评估结果差异大,且同一尺度下的评价标准不统一;技术开发不成熟、产业融合经济性差导致海洋资源开发利用程度不高;空间评估集中在平面选址和优化,海洋立体利用和能产融合的空间选址和优化研究不足;开发利用的生态影响机制尚不清楚。③海上可再生能源需通过统一潜力评估标准、提升技术经济性、推动产业融合、优化空间利用、完善治理框架等举措,推动五维协调发展,助力实现海洋资源高效利用和海洋经济高质量发展。本文旨在为理解和推进海上可再生能源发展提供一个全面的框架,为政策制定者、研究人员和行业利益相关者提供有益见解。
杜文杰 , 蔡国田 , 漆小玲 , 汪鹏 , 张基祥 . 海上可再生能源开发利用研究综述——基于五维框架的分析[J]. 资源科学, 2025 , 47(4) : 675 -690 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2025.04.01
Offshore renewable energy boasts abundant potential and exhibits characteristics of synergistic development. However, it also faces challenges such as complex environmental conditions, low reliability, and spatial competition. Moreover, its interdisciplinary theoretical foundations have not yet been fully understood, and a systematic understanding of sustainable development pathways is lacking. From the perspective of energy geography, a research framework encompassing five dimensions—potential, technology, industry, space, and governance is developed. Through multidimensional integration and cross-domain analysis, the study systematically reviews the research progress in the development and utilization of offshore renewable energy, including potential assessment, technological development, industrial synergy, spatial evaluation, and impact governance. The review indicates that: (1) Offshore renewable energy is still in its early stage, characterized by “diverse energy types with great potential but technological imbalance, and abundant application scenarios but insufficient integration”. Specifically, offshore wind power technology is mature and dominates development. Energy industry development approaches are diverse with various integration scenarios, while single-mode development still prevails in the short term. Development and utilization offer significant environmental benefits, but may lead to risk transfer. (2) Scientific research, technological development, and industrial integration practices lag far behind the actual needs of offshore resources development and utilization. This is manifested in large discrepancies in assessment results due to different evaluation scales for energy potential, and inconsistent evaluation criteria within the same scale. Immature technological development and poor economic viability of industrial integration hinder efficient development and utilization of marine resources. Spatial assessments focus primarily on planar site selection and optimization, with limited research on three-dimensional marine utilization and the integration of energy and industrial production. The ecological impact mechanisms of development and utilization remain unclear. (3) To promote coordinated development across the five dimensions, offshore renewable energy development should focus on unifying potential assessment standards, enhancing techno-economic efficiency, promoting industrial integration, optimizing spatial utilization, and improving the governance framework. These efforts will support the efficient use of marine resources and the high-quality development of the marine economy. This review provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and advancing offshore renewable energy development, offering valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders.
表1 国内外海上可再生能源技术成熟度、发展阶段与平准化度电成本(LCOE)对比Table 1 Comparison of technology maturity, development stages, and LCOE of offshore renewable energy at home and abroad |
| 能源技术 | 国际 | 国内 | LCOE/($/kWh) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 成熟度 | 发展阶段 | 成熟度 | 发展阶段 | |||
| 海上风电 | 9 | 商业化阶段 | 9 | 商业化阶段 | 0.09(固定式);0.16(漂浮式) | |
| 潮汐能发电 | 6~9 | 预商业化-商业化阶段 | 9 | 商业化阶段 | 0.20~0.45 | |
| 潮流能发电 | 3~8 | 原型-商业化阶段 | 7~8 | 预商业化阶段 | 0.20~0.45 | |
| 波浪能发电 | 1~8 | 研究-预商业化阶段 | 1~6 | 研究-工程示范阶段 | 0.30~0.55 | |
| 水上光伏 | 4~6 | 工程示范阶段 | 3~6 | 研究-工程示范阶段 | 0.35 | |
| 温差能发电 | 5~9 | 工程示范-商业化阶段 | 4~5 | 工程示范阶段 | 0.20~0.67 | |
| 盐差能发电 | 1~6 | 研究-原型阶段 | 1~3 | 研究阶段 | 0.11~2.37 | |
表2 能产融合场景主导能源及开发方式Table 2 Dominant energy sources and development approaches in energy-industry integration scenarios |
| 融合场景 | 国外 | 国内 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 主导能源 | 开发方式 | 主导能源 | 开发方式 | ||
| 能氢融合 | 风能 | 空间融合 | 风能 | 空间融合 | |
| 能油融合 | 风能 | 空间融合 | 风能 | 空间融合 | |
| 能淡融合 | 波浪能 | 结构融合 | 波浪能 | 结构融合 | |
| 能渔融合 | 风能 | 空间融合 | 风能 | 结构融合 | |
| 能旅融合 | 风能 | 空间融合 | 太阳能、波浪能 | 结构融合 | |
| 能观融合 | 太阳能 | 结构融合 | 太阳能 | 结构融合 | |
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