“自下而上”的环保治理政策效果评价——基于长江经济带河长制政策的异质性比较
佘颖,女,湖南怀化人,副教授,博士,研究方向为环境经济学。E-mail: sheying1980@hotmial.com |
收稿日期: 2023-01-10
修回日期: 2023-05-10
网络出版日期: 2023-08-17
基金资助
江西省社会科学规划项目(22JL07)
江西省高校人文社会科学研究项目(JJ21112)
江西省科技厅重点研发项目(20192BAA208014)
The effectiveness of “bottom-up” environmental policies: A comparative analysis of heterogeneity of the River Chief System Policy in the Yangtze River Economic Belt
Received date: 2023-01-10
Revised date: 2023-05-10
Online published: 2023-08-17
【目的】对新时代十年出现的“自下而上”环保治理政策进行回顾和评估,为现代生态文明建设治理体系的建立提供助力。【方法】本文关注到在中央全面推广之前,河长制由地方政府自发实施,在2007—2018年进行了“自下而上”的政策演进。通过梳理这一阶段长江经济带地级市河长制的实施时间、实施力度和采用的政策工具,以及国家自动监控水污染周报、年报数据,采用广义系统矩估计方法,探讨地方政府“自下而上”的环保治理政策的有效性。【结果】研究发现:①样本城市的河长制虽然在政策工具、实施力度上具有差异,但以关停、奖惩等行政命令型政策工具为主,无论哪种类型的河长制均带有强烈的目标考核特征,这种特征是河长制见效的根本原因。地方政府每增加1项河长制具体实施政策,河流中的COD和NH3分别降低了0.149 mg/L和0.085 mg/L。②不同类型河长制政策的污染减排效果不同,行政命令型河长制政策对COD和NH3的减排均有效,而市场激励型政策仅对NH3有效,公众监督型政策仅对COD有效,其原因主要在于不同政策类型关注的目标减排污染物不同。③经济发展水平对河长制政策具有正向调节作用,但对不同类型的河长制政策,调节作用效果不同。经济发展水平强化了行政命令型河长制政策的实施效果,但对市场激励型和公众监督型河长制政策的影响却不显著。【结论】“自下而上”的政策模式使政府具有更多的选择权,也造成了政策内容的差异。因此,对“自下而上”环保治理政策进行效果评估时,需要考虑到实施时间、实施力度和采用政策工具的差异性。这样才能打开环保政策的黑箱,精确刻画政策效果,为经济发展水平、自然环境迥异的地方政府灵活采用不同的政策工具提供可行思路。
关键词: “自下而上”环保治理政策; 河长制; 政策工具类型; 广义矩估计; 长江经济带
佘颖 , 刘耀彬 . “自下而上”的环保治理政策效果评价——基于长江经济带河长制政策的异质性比较[J]. 资源科学, 2023 , 45(6) : 1139 -1152 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2023.06.04
[Objective] Reviewing and evaluating the “bottom-up” environmental governance policies that had emerged in the new era over the past decade helps establish a modern ecological civilization governance system. [Methods] This paper focused on the River Chief System, which was spontaneously implemented by local governments before being fully promoted by the central government, and underwent a “bottom-up” policy evolution from 2007 to 2018. It examined the timing, implementation intensity, and policy tools employed under the RCP across various cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt during this period, using a combination of weekly and annual data from the national automatic monitoring of water pollution. The system generalized method of moments was also applied. [Results] The results showed that: (1) Although the content and intensity of the RCP in the sample cities differed, the administrative control-oriented RCP, such as shut downs, ewards, and punishments, was the most popular policy tool, and every type of the RCP had strong target-oriented characteristics, which accounted for the effectiveness of the RCP. For each additional specific measure of the RCP, COD and NH3 in river water were reduced by 0.149 mg/L and 0.085 mg/L, respectively. (2) Different types of the RCP had different effects on water pollution reduction. The administrative control-oriented RCP was effective in reducing both COD and NH3, while the market-oriented RCP was only effective for NH3 reduction and the public surveilliance-oriented RCP was only effective for COD reduction. The possible reason might lie in that the targeted pollutants varied across different types of RCP. (3) The level of regional economic development could also influence the effect of the RCP, but the influence was different for various types of RCP. Higher economic development level strengthened the effect of administrative control-oriented RCP, but had no significant impact on the market-oriented RCP and the public participation-oriented RCP. [Conclusion] The “bottom-up” policy model gave the government more choices and also causes differences in policy content. Therefore, when evaluating the effectiveness of “bottom-up” environmental governance policies, it was necessary to consider the differences in implementation time, intensity, and policy tools. This comprehensive approach facilitated a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms of environmental policies, enables a precise depiction of their impacts, and offered viable recommendations for local governments characterized by disparate levels of economic development and diverse ecological contexts, allowing for the adaptable adoption of distinct policy tools.
表1 长江经济带样本城市河长制实施政策工具分类及具体内容Table 1 Types and contents of the River Chief Policies in sample cities from the Yangtze River Economic Belt |
政策类型 | 具体政策措施 | 实施城市 |
---|---|---|
行政命令型 | 构建市、县(市、区)、乡(镇、街道)、村四级“河长”组织体系,建立考核奖惩制度,关停污染企业,监控工厂污水排放,开展拆除违建、清理码头等专项行动,查处环境违法案件,淘汰落后工业尤其是化工产能,推动化工企业入园进区;修建污水处理厂,新建污水管网、建成规模化畜禽养殖场污染治理配套设施,落实水面保洁资金,推进生活污水纳入管网工程,落实财政专项资金,新建村庄污水处理设施 | 无锡、宿迁、扬州、南京、宜宾、嘉兴、合肥、徐州、嘉兴、连云港、重庆、阜阳、淮安、宿迁、盐城、苏州、十堰、上饶、九江、南昌、遵义、常德、广元、亳州、攀枝花、泸州、淮南、武汉、蚌埠、长沙、淮北、马鞍山、鄂州、益阳、滁州、安庆、乐山、杭州 |
市场激励型 | 建立排污税、排污权交易制度,实施水环境资源补偿制度 | 苏州、杭州、上海、宿州、无锡、淮安、扬州、连云港、岳阳 |
公众监督型 | 媒体曝光,现场办公,安装监控设备和GPS定位系统,设立“河长制”统一公告牌,明确河道“河长”、管护要求、监督电话等信息,公开接受社会监督;打造“人防+技防”的智慧化河道管理体系,将视频监控与GPS定位系统运用到河道长效保洁上 | 连云港、苏州、无锡、扬州、湖州、嘉兴、上海、上饶、九江、南昌、乐山、岳阳、广元 |
表2 主要变量描述性统计Table 2 Descriptive statistics of the main variables |
变量名称 | 样本量 | 均值 | 单位 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COD | 491 | 3.835 | mg/L | 3.283 | 0.900 | 36.948 |
NH3 | 491 | 0.635 | mg/L | 1.679 | -18.910 | 12.990 |
rcpt | 491 | 1.442 | 次数 | 2.916 | 0 | 11 |
rcpa | 491 | 1.045 | 次数 | 2.0638 | 0 | 7 |
rcpm | 491 | 0.089 | 次数 | 0.299 | 0 | 2 |
rcps | 491 | 0.316 | 次数 | 0.881 | 0 | 4 |
lnrpgdp | 491 | 10.193 | — | 0.826 | 7.847 | 12.335 |
lnfdi | 491 | 12.827 | — | 1.734 | 7.776 | 16.258 |
lq | 491 | 1.150 | — | 1.828 | 0.273 | 20.380 |
lnfert | 491 | 2.825 | — | 0.733 | 0.982 | 4.611 |
dwdr | 491 | 95.662 | % | 8.562 | 44.990 | 101.138 |
law | 491 | 0.817 | 次数 | 1.563 | 0 | 10 |
表3 基本模型估计结果Table 3 Estimation results of the basic model |
(1) COD | (2) NH3 | (3) COD | (4) NH3 | (5) COD | (6) NH3 | (7) COD | (8) NH3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rcpt | -0.149*** | -0.085*** | ||||||
(-6.782) | (-6.342) | |||||||
rcpa | -0.155*** | -0.096*** | ||||||
(-6.739) | (-6.572) | |||||||
rcpm | -0.769 | -0.299*** | ||||||
(-1.5884) | (-2.8243) | |||||||
rcps | 0.107*** | 0.0874 | ||||||
(6.145) | (1.2063) | |||||||
Lag.COD | 0.677*** | 0.691*** | 0.663*** | 0.694*** | ||||
(43.650) | (43.096) | (52.998) | (48.612) | |||||
Lag.NH3 | 0.677*** | 0.691*** | 0.662*** | 0.693*** | ||||
(43.650) | (43.095) | (52.998) | (48.612) | |||||
lnrpgdp | 0.932*** | 0.374*** | 0.981*** | 0.410*** | 0.761*** | 0.274*** | 0.442** | 0.277*** |
(5.171) | (13.161) | (5.765) | (14.459) | (4.377) | (16.646) | (2.407) | (15.893) | |
lnfdi | -0.156* | -0.142*** | -0.144* | -0.139*** | -0.144* | -0.131*** | -0.179** | -0.142*** |
(-1.748) | (-5.459) | (-1.844) | (-4.817) | (-1.956) | (-4.238) | (-2.126) | (-7.900) | |
lq | 0.028*** | -0.030 | 0.026** | -0.024 | 0.029** | -0.031 | -0.012 | -0.033 |
(2.576) | (-0.964) | (2.324) | (-0.776) | (2.468) | (-0.974) | (-0.047) | (-1.027) | |
lnfert | 0.237 | 1.053*** | -1.488 | 1.013*** | 0.743 | 1.201*** | 1.012 | 0.880*** |
(0.216) | (4.670) | (-0.536) | (4.054) | (0.381) | (4.817) | (0.881) | (3.635) | |
dwdr | -0.067*** | -0.029*** | -0.073*** | -0.029*** | -0.048*** | -0.029*** | -0.058*** | -0.030*** |
(-6.013) | (-19.121) | (-6.784) | (-17.210) | (-3.486) | (-11.978) | (-5.514) | (-24.566) | |
law | 0.009 | -0.026* | 0.040 | -0.023* | 0.047* | 0.015 | 0.033 | -0.025** |
(0.116) | (-1.854) | (1.537) | (-1.868) | (1.836) | (0.193) | (1.513) | (-2.243) | |
地点固定效应 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
Sargan检验 | 0.999 | 1.000 | 0.999 | 1.000 | 0.998 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.998 |
AR(1)检验 | 0.055 | 0.061 | 0.057 | 0.062 | 0.056 | 0.062 | 0.054 | 0.055 |
AR(2)检验 | 0.695 | 0.618 | 0.695 | 0.627 | 0.704 | 0.797 | 0.625 | 0.730 |
N | 453 | 453 | 453 | 453 | 453 | 453 | 453 | 453 |
注:圆括号内显示的是系数的t值;Sargan检验、AR(1)检验、AR(2)检验3行显示的是相应的P值;***、**、*分别表示在1%、5%、10%水平上显著;下同。 |
表4 稳健性检验结果Table 4 Robust test results |
(1) COD | (2) NH3 | (3) COD | (4) NH3 | (5) COD | (6) NH3 | (7) COD | (8) NH3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rcpt | -0.155*** | -0.069*** | ||||||
(-6.440) | (-9.032) | |||||||
rcpa | -0.225*** | -0.102*** | ||||||
(-4.993) | (-8.594) | |||||||
rcpm | 0.456 | -0.569*** | ||||||
(1.049) | (-4.493) | |||||||
rcps | -0.222** | -0.086*** | ||||||
(-2.318) | (-4.905) | |||||||
地点固定效应 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
Sargan检验 | 0.980 | 0.872 | 0.964 | 0.838 | 0.995 | 0.819 | 0.994 | 0.750 |
AR(1)检验 | 0.085 | 0.066 | 0.090 | 0.065 | 0.105 | 0.066 | 0.093 | 0.062 |
AR(2)检验 | 0.8950 | 0.267 | 0.892 | 0.265 | 0.979 | 0.271 | 0.912 | 0.259 |
N | 360 | 360 | 360 | 360 | 360 | 360 | 360 | 360 |
表5 调节作用模型估计结果Table 5 Estimation results of the regulatory effect model |
(1) COD | (2) NH3 | (3) COD | (4) NH3 | (5) COD | (6) NH3 | (7) COD | (8) NH3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
lnrpgdp×rcpt | -0.206*** | -0.108*** | ||||||
(-8.079) | (-11.279) | |||||||
lnrpgdp×rcpa | -0.224*** | -0.086*** | ||||||
(-7.969) | (-11.856) | |||||||
lnrpgdp×rcpm | 1.915 | -0.237 | ||||||
(0.885) | (-0.843) | |||||||
lnrpgdp×rcps | -0.199 | 0.211 | ||||||
(-1.034) | (1.535) | |||||||
地点固定效应 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
Sargan检验 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.998 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
AR(1)检验 | 0.059 | 0.054 | 0.059 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.056 | 0.056 | 0.057 |
AR(2)检验 | 0.616 | 0.725 | 0.616 | 0.722 | 0.643 | 0.699 | 0.640 | 0.681 |
N | 453 | 453 | 453 | 453 | 453 | 453 | 453 | 453 |
[1] |
|
[2] |
|
[3] |
|
[4] |
|
[5] |
|
[6] |
|
[7] |
|
[8] |
|
[9] |
熊航, 静峥, 展进涛. 不同环境规制政策对中国规模以上工业企业技术创新的影响[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(7): 1348-1360.
[
|
[10] |
|
[11] |
|
[12] |
高翠云, 王倩. 绿色经济发展与政府环保行为的互动效应[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(4): 776-789.
[
|
[13] |
|
[14] |
申晨, 李胜兰, 黄亮雄. 异质性环境规制对中国工业绿色转型的影响机理研究: 基于中介效应的实证分析[J]. 南开经济研究, 2018, (5): 95-114.
[
|
[15] |
孙传旺, 魏晓楠. 市场激励型环境规制、政府补贴与企业绩效[J]. 财政研究, 2022, (7): 97-112.
[
|
[16] |
|
[17] |
|
[18] |
|
[19] |
|
[20] |
|
[21] |
|
[22] |
王班班, 莫琼辉, 钱浩祺. 地方环境政策创新的扩散模式与实施效果: 基于河长制政策扩散的微观实证[J]. 中国工业经济, 2020, (8): 99-117.
[
|
[23] |
沈坤荣, 金刚. 中国地方政府环境治理的政策效应: 基于“河长制”演进的研究[J]. 中国社会科学, 2018, (5): 92-115.
[
|
[24] |
|
[25] |
陈柳言, 赵鑫, 朱玉春. 公众参与河长制对河流治理效果的影响: 基于江苏、湖北的实证研究[J]. 资源科学, 2021, 43(6): 1077-1087.
[
|
[26] |
|
[27] |
水利部. 长江流域及西南诸河水资源公报[R/OL]. (2009-07-24) [2023-04-20]. http://www.cjw.gov.cn/UploadFiles/zwzc/2015/7/2009szygb.pdf.
[Ministry of Water Resources. Water Resources Bulletin for the Yangtze River Basin and Southwest Rivers[R/OL]. (2009-07-24) [2023-04-20]. http://www.cjw.gov.cn/UploadFiles/zwzc/2015/7/2009szygb.pdf.]
|
[28] |
生态环境部. 长江流域水环境治理监测预警办法(试行)[N/OL]. (2018-11-05) [2023-04-20]. https://www.eqxun.com/news/7441.html.
[Ministry of Ecology and Environment. Measures for Monitoring and Early Warning of Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Basin (Trial Implementation)[N/OL]. (2018-11-05) [2023-04-20].https://www.eqxun.com/news/7441.html.]
|
[29] |
九江市水利局. 九江市实施“河长制”工作方案[N/OL]. (2016-03-18) [2023-04-20]. http://slj.jiujiang.gov.cn/zwgk_224/zdly/hhzz/201603/t20160318_2969059.html.
[Jiujiang Water Resources Bureau. Work Plan for Jiujiang City to Implement the “River Chief System”[N/OL]. (2016-04-07) [2023-04-20]. http://slj.jiujiang.gov.cn/zwgk_224/zdly/hhzz/201603/t20160318_2969059.html.]
|
[30] |
江西省河长办公室. 上饶市全面推行“河长制”[N/OL]. (2016-04-07) [2023-04-20]. http://slt.jiangxi.gov.cn/art/2016/4/7/art_28107_897379.html.
[Jiangxi Provincial River Chief Office. Shangrao City Fully Implements the “River Chief System”[N/OL]. (2016-04-07) [2023-04-20]. http://slt.jiangxi.gov.cn/art/2016/4/7/art_28107_897379.html.]
|
[31] |
江西省人民政府. 上饶市30余条河流将设立河长公示牌.[N/OL]. (2016-09-07) [2023-04-20]. http://www.jiangxi.gov.cn/art/2016/9/7/art_399_166747.html.
[People’s Government of Jiangxi Province. Over 30 Rivers in Shangrao City Will Have River Chief Publicity Boards Installed[N/OL]. (2016-09-07) [2023-04-20]. http://www.jiangxi.gov.cn/art/2016/9/7/art_399_166747.html.]
|
[32] |
中华人民共和国生态环境部. 国家地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)[N/OL]. (2002-06-01) [2023-05-21]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/fgbz/bz/bzwb/shjbh/shjzlbz/200206/t20020601_66497.htm.
[Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China. National Surface Water Environmental Quality Standards (GB3838-2002)[N/OL]. (2002-06-01) [2023-05-21]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/fgbz/bz/bzwb/shjbh/shjzlbz/200206/t20020601_66497.htm.]
|
[33] |
|
[34] |
王书斌, 徐盈之. 环境规制与雾霾脱钩效应: 基于企业投资偏好的视角[J]. 中国工业经济, 2015, (4): 18-30.
[
|
[35] |
|
[36] |
北大法宝网. 宜春市人民政府关于印发宜春市生猪养殖污染防治管理暂行办法的通知[N/OL]. (2013-4-27) [2022-07-18]. https://www.pkulaw.com/lar/0ba2dbef090912781167aed05451512abdfb.html?keyword=%E6%B0%B4%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93%20&way=listView[PKUlAW.
[Notice from the People’s Government of Yichun City on the Issuance of Interim Measures for the Prevention and Control of Pollution in Pig Farming in Yichun City[N/OL]. (2013-4-27) [2022-07-18]. https://www.pkulaw.com/lar/0ba2dbef090912781167aed05451512abdfb.html?keyword=%E6%B0%B4%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93%20&way=listView[PKUlAW.]
|
[37] |
北大法宝网. 抚州市人民政府批转市环保局、市农业局关于加强畜禽养殖业污染治理促进农业源减排实施意见的通知[N/OL]. (2012-12-31) [2022-07-18]. https://www.pkulaw.com/lar/77d431717d95e73e74b3a63ed2656f0dbdfb.html?keyword=%E6%B0%B4%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93%20&way=listView[PKULAW.
[Notice from the People’s Government of Fuzhou City on the Forwarding of the Implementation Opinions on Strengthening Pollution Control in the Livestock and Poultry Farming Industry and Promoting Agricultural Source Emission Reduction by the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau and the Municipal Agriculture Bureau[N/OL]. (2012-12-31) [2022-07-18]. https://www.pkulaw.com/lar/77d431717d95e73e74b3a63ed2656f0dbdfb.html?keyword=%E6%B0%B4%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93%20&way=listView[PKULAW.]
|
[38] |
盛斌, 吕越. 外国直接投资对中国环境的影响: 来自工业行业面板数据的实证研究[J]. 中国社会科学, 2012, (5): 54-75.
[
|
[39] |
|
[40] |
|
/
〈 |
|
〉 |