城镇化对能源消费的推拉效应及其影响因素——基于门槛效应模型的实证检验
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柳清瑞,男,吉林农安人,教授,研究方向为人口、资源与环境经济学。E-mail: lqrmoon@163.com |
收稿日期: 2021-09-07
修回日期: 2022-04-23
网络出版日期: 2022-07-25
基金资助
国家社会科学基金项目(20BRK008)
国家社会科学基金青年项目(20CJY016)
Push-pull effect of urbanization on energy consumption and its influencing factors: An empirical test with threshold effect model
Received date: 2021-09-07
Revised date: 2022-04-23
Online published: 2022-07-25
在城镇化进程中,能源消费以及碳排放问题越来越突出。协调好城镇化与能源消费的关系,在加快城镇化进程的同时控制能源消费合理增长,对于中国持续推进生态文明建设、实现绿色可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。本文利用2005—2019年省级面板数据,采用系统广义矩估计法(SYS-GMM)和门槛效应模型,分别从需求侧和供给侧检验城镇化对能源消费的推拉效应及其影响因素,分析不同阶段城镇化影响能源消费的变化规律及传导机制。结果发现:①城镇化对能源消费具有推拉效应,且随着城镇化由低级阶段发展到更高阶段,整体推拉效应逐渐减弱;②城镇化影响能源消费的主要传导机制为:在需求侧,劳动力参与率提高能够拉动能源消费,而人力资本集聚度和总抚养比的上升抑制能源消费;在供给侧,产业结构调整推动能源消费,技术创新水平和环境规制强度的提高抑制能源消费;③城镇化对能源消费存在门槛效应,且在不同的门槛区间内,城镇化对能源消费的传导机制存在异质性;④根据中国与经济合作与发展组织(OECD)国家的实证比较发现,城镇化对能源消费的推拉效应在城镇化中低阶段存在差异,而在城镇化高级阶段趋同。中国能源消费压力主要来自于产业结构不合理、对外贸易水平提高和环境规制政策不完善。未来政策的重点是:加快产业结构优化升级;大力推进外贸优质发展;加强能源科技创新能力建设;完善政府环境规制政策。
柳清瑞 , 唐璐 . 城镇化对能源消费的推拉效应及其影响因素——基于门槛效应模型的实证检验[J]. 资源科学, 2022 , 44(5) : 1022 -1035 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2022.05.12
In the process of urbanization, energy consumption and carbon emissions are becoming increasingly more prominent. Coordinating the relationship between urbanization and energy consumption and controlling the reasonable growth of energy consumption while accelerating the process of urbanization is of great practical significance for China to continue to promote the construction of ecological civilization and achieve green and sustainable development. Based on the provincial panel data from 2005 to 2019, using the system generalized moment estimation method (SYS-GMM) and threshold effect model to analyze the push-pull effect of urbanization on energy consumption and its influencing factors from the demand side and supply side respectively, and analyzes the change rule and transmission mechanism of urbanization’s influence on energy consumption in different stages. The results show that: (1) Urbanization has a push-pull effect on energy consumption, and the overall push-pull effect decreases with the urbanization level from low to high; (2) The main transmission mechanism of urbanization on energy consumption is as follows: On the demand side, the increase of labor force participation rate can stimulate energy consumption, while the increase of human capital agglomeration and total dependency ratio inhibit energy consumption. On the supply side, the adjustment of industrial structure promotes energy consumption, and the improvement of technological innovation level and environmental regulation intensity inhibit energy consumption; (3) Urbanization has a threshold effect on energy consumption, and the transmission mechanism is heterogeneous in different threshold intervals; (4) According to the empirical comparison between China and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, it is found that the push-pull effect of urbanization on energy consumption is different in the middle and low stages of urbanization, and convergence in the high stage of urbanization. China’s energy consumption pressure mainly comes from the unreasonable industrial structure, the improvement of foreign trade level and the imperfect environmental regulation policies. The key points of future policies are: accelerating the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure; vigorously promote the high-quality development of foreign trade; strengthen the construction of energy science and technology innovation capacity; improve the government’s environmental regulation policies.
表1 变量说明及描述性统计Table 1 Variable description and descriptive statistics |
| 变量名称 | 变量说明 | 均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 人均能源消费量(legc) | 人均能源消费量/tce,取对数 | 1.10 | 0.45 | -0.01 | 2.40 |
| 城镇化率(urb) | 城镇人口占当地全部人口比重/% | 54.04 | 13.86 | 26.87 | 89.60 |
| 人力资本集聚度(hca) | 高等学校在校生数占小学及以上在校生总人数比重/% | 15.65 | 8.72 | 4.15 | 44.97 |
| 劳动力参与率(lr) | 城乡就业人员总数占15~64岁人口数比重/% | 72.60 | 0.17 | 10.36 | 89.97 |
| 总抚养比(tdr) | 0~14岁少年人口与65岁及以上老年人口之和与劳动年龄人口之比/% | 36.89 | 6.54 | 20.23 | 57.58 |
| 居民收入水平(lpci) | 城乡居民人均可支配收入/元,取对数 | 9.61 | 0.62 | 8.18 | 11.19 |
| 产业结构(psti) | 第二、三产业产值占总产值比重/% | 89.25 | 5.72 | 66.40 | 99.70 |
| 技术创新水平(tec) | R&D经费支出占GDP比重/% | 0.42 | 0.82 | 0.04 | 5.65 |
| 环境规制强度(eg) | 工业污染治理完成投资占GDP比重/% | 0.25 | 0.34 | 0.00 | 3.40 |
| 对外贸易水平(lftl) | 进出口总额/万美元,取对数 | 15.00 | 1.66 | 10.63 | 18.51 |
资料来源:中国统计年鉴、中国环境统计年鉴、中国能源统计年鉴、中国工业经济统计年鉴、中国城市统计年鉴及各省市统计年鉴。下同。 |
表2 面板模型估计结果Table 2 Estimation results of the panel model |
| OLS | FE | SYS-GMM | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | |||
| L.legc | 0.831*** | 0.835*** | 0.834*** | ||||||||
| (0.036) | (0.036) | (0.036) | |||||||||
| urb | 0.590** | 1.470*** | 1.027*** | 0.915*** | 0.888* | 0.943*** | 0.090 | 0.210 | 0.153 | ||
| (0.234) | (0.532) | (0.330) | (0.236) | (0.482) | (0.304) | (0.177) | (0.268) | (0.190) | |||
| urb2 | -0.900* | 0.029 | -0.136 | ||||||||
| (0.482) | (0.456) | (0.258) | |||||||||
| urb3 | -0.586* | -0.043 | -0.100 | ||||||||
| (0.304) | (0.294) | (0.167) | |||||||||
| hca | -1.149*** | -0.987*** | -0.978*** | -1.942*** | -1.946*** | -1.934*** | -0.659** | -0.665** | -0.670** | ||
| (0.355) | (0.369) | (0.369) | (0.362) | (0.367) | (0.367) | (0.301) | (0.307) | (0.308) | |||
| lr | 0.103*** | 0.105*** | 0.104*** | 0.097*** | 0.097*** | 0.097*** | 0.025** | 0.024* | 0.024* | ||
| (0.033) | (0.033) | (0.033) | (0.034) | (0.034) | (0.034) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.012) | |||
| tdr | -1.114*** | -1.063*** | -1.070*** | -0.509*** | -0.510*** | -0.507*** | -0.071 | -0.058 | -0.056 | ||
| (0.136) | (0.137) | (0.137) | (0.131) | (0.132) | (0.132) | (0.049) | (0.050) | (0.050) | |||
| lpci | 0.319*** | 0.316*** | 0.315*** | 0.998*** | 0.998*** | 0.993*** | 0.090 | 0.079 | 0.079 | ||
| (0.032) | (0.032) | (0.032) | (0.108) | (0.113) | (0.114) | (0.062) | (0.069) | (0.070) | |||
| psti | 0.013*** | 0.012*** | 0.012*** | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 | -0.001 | -0.001 | -0.001 | ||
| (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |||
| tec | -19.290*** | -18.524*** | -18.304*** | -25.250*** | -25.261*** | -25.216*** | -2.752** | -2.895** | -2.882** | ||
| (2.745) | (2.801) | (2.821) | (2.940) | (2.949) | (2.953) | (1.310) | (1.352) | (1.343) | |||
| eg | -1.011* | -0.974* | -1.003 | -0.637 | -0.638 | -0.637 | -0.786 | -0.788 | -0.784 | ||
| (1.616) | (1.606) | (1.605) | (1.392) | (1.394) | (1.394) | (0.572) | (0.565) | (0.565) | |||
| lftl | 0.019* | 0.017* | 0.017 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.014 | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.006 | ||
| (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.016) | (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.010) | (0.009) | (0.010) | |||
| 常数项 | -3.211*** | -3.332*** | -3.246*** | -8.313*** | -8.334*** | -8.255*** | -0.508 | -0.356 | -0.341 | ||
| (0.305) | (0.310) | (0.305) | (1.036) | (1.085) | (1.111) | (0.655) | (0.721) | (0.742) | |||
| 观测样本数 | 450 | 450 | 450 | 450 | 450 | 450 | 420 | 420 | 420 | ||
| R2 | 0.817 | 0.819 | 0.819 | 0.869 | 0.869 | 0.869 | |||||
| AR(1) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||||
| AR(2) | 0.261 | 0.265 | 0.264 | ||||||||
| Hansen test | 0.756 | 0.387 | 0.393 | ||||||||
| 形态 | 正相关 | 倒U型 | 倒N型 | 正相关 | 正相关 | 正相关 | 不显著 | 不显著 | 不显著 | ||
注:*、**、***分别表示在10%、5%和1%的显著水平上显著,括号内为t值;AR(1)-AR(2)表示是对扰动项的自相关检验(Arellano-Bond test),结果显示的是p值;系统广义矩回归模型为两阶段模型。下同。 |
表3 面板门槛效应检验与门槛值置信区间Table 3 Panel threshold effect testing and confidence intervals |
| 核心解释变量 | 门槛类型 | F值 | 临界值 | 门槛值 | 95%置信区间 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10% | 5% | 1% | |||||
| urb×hca | 单一门槛 | 8.840** | 8.626 | 9.483 | 11.826 | 0.583 | [0.568, 0.584] |
| 双重门槛 | 13.870*** | 10.191 | 10.917 | 11.887 | 0.583 | [0.574, 0.584] | |
| 0.417 | [0.389, 0.418] | ||||||
| urb×lr | 双重门槛 | 15.180** | 13.265 | 15.120 | 17.709 | 0.524 | [0.516, 0.525] |
| 0.621 | [0.615, 0.623] | ||||||
| urb×tdr | 单一门槛 | 25.560*** | 11.535 | 12.669 | 14.265 | 0.417 | [0.389, 0.418] |
| 双重门槛 | 17.020*** | 11.274 | 14.068 | 16.736 | 0.417 | [0.411, 0.418] | |
| 0.576 | [0.573, 0.576] | ||||||
| urb×lftl | 单一门槛 | 14.740*** | 8.997 | 9.809 | 11.467 | 0.835 | [0.769, 0.836] |
| 双重门槛 | 11.820*** | 9.824 | 11.531 | 14.584 | 0.417 | [0.373, 0.418] | |
| 0.763 | [0.732, 0.772] | ||||||
| urb×psti | 单一门槛 | 16.140*** | 14.395 | 15.540 | 17.066 | 0.621 | [0.615, 0.623] |
| urb×tec | 单一门槛 | 11.840*** | 6.490 | 6.810 | 7.828 | 0.576 | [0.481, 0.576] |
注:F值和临界值均采用bootstrap反复抽样300次得到。 |
表4 基于需求侧的城镇化率与能源消费回归估计结果Table 4 Regression estimation results of urbanization and energy consumption considering the demand side |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SYS-GMM | 门槛估计 | SYS-GMM | 门槛估计 | SYS-GMM | 门槛估计 | |
| L.legc | 0.827*** | 0.831*** | 0.834*** | |||
| (0.037) | (0.037) | (0.036) | ||||
| urb | 0.141 | 0.062 | 0.111 | |||
| (0.197) | (0.179) | (0.183) | ||||
| hca | -0.666** | -2.084*** | -0.638** | -1.881*** | ||
| (0.301) | (-5.290) | (0.305) | (-4.680) | |||
| lr | 0.024* | 0.097*** | 0.025* | 0.077** | ||
| (0.012) | (3.300) | (0.012) | (2.500) | |||
| tdr | -0.056 | -0.910*** | -0.075 | -1.009*** | ||
| (0.052) | (-7.350) | (0.047) | (-7.870) | |||
| lpci | 0.065 | 0.487*** | 0.094 | 0.409*** | 0.085 | 0.472*** |
| (0.060) | (16.200) | (0.063) | (13.760) | (0.062) | (14.390) | |
| psti | -0.001 | 0.007** | -0.001 | 0.007** | -0.001 | 0.009*** |
| (0.002) | (2.380) | (0.002) | (2.180) | (0.002) | (2.820) | |
| tec | -2.477* | -29.969*** | -2.646* | -27.402*** | -2.653* | -29.843*** |
| (1.435) | (-10.740) | (1.319) | (-9.250) | (1.313) | (-10.140) | |
| eg | -0.743 | -1.973 | -0.793 | -2.141 | -0.755 | -1.737 |
| (0.565) | (-1.330) | (0.571) | (-1.410) | (0.572) | (-1.130) | |
| lftl | 0.007 | 0.053*** | 0.008 | 0.045*** | 0.008 | 0.054*** |
| (0.010) | (3.620) | (0.010) | (2.980) | (0.010) | (3.540) | |
| urb×hca | -0.933** | -3.722*** | ||||
| (0.384) | (-6.930) | |||||
| urb≤41.7% | ||||||
| -3.242*** | ||||||
| (-6.570) | ||||||
| 41.7%<urb≤58.3% | ||||||
| -3.934*** | ||||||
| (-7.640) | ||||||
| urb>58.3% | ||||||
| urb×lr | 0.048** | 0.134 | ||||
| (0.020) | (1.560) | |||||
| urb≤52.4% | ||||||
| 0.273*** | ||||||
| (4.060) | ||||||
| 52.4%<urb≤62.1% | ||||||
| -0.009 | ||||||
| (-0.100) | ||||||
| urb>62.1% | ||||||
| urb×tdr | -0.042 | -1.730*** | ||||
| (0.107) | (-7.170) | |||||
| urb≤41.7% | ||||||
| -1.340*** | ||||||
| (-6.340) | ||||||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | ||||
| SYS-GMM | 门槛估计 | SYS-GMM | 门槛估计 | SYS-GMM | 门槛估计 | |
| urb×tdr | 41.7%<urb≤57.6% | |||||
| -2.049*** | ||||||
| (-7.300) | ||||||
| urb>57.6% | ||||||
| 常数项 | -0.218 | -4.436*** | -0.531 | -3.531*** | -0.493 | -4.562*** |
| (0.656) | (-17.470) | (0.668) | (-13.730) | (0.653) | (-16.300) | |
| 观测样本数 | 420 | 450 | 420 | 450 | 420 | 450 |
| R2 | 0.835 | 0.829 | 0.824 | |||
| AR(1) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |||
| AR(2) | 0.263 | 0.260 | 0.256 | |||
| Hansen test | 0.213 | 0.161 | 0.219 | |||
表5 基于供给侧的城镇化率与能源消费回归估计结果Table 5 Regression estimation results of urbanization and energy consumption considering the supply side |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SYS-GMM | 门槛估计 | SYS-GMM | 门槛估计 | SYS-GMM | 门槛估计 | |||
| L.legc | 0.832*** | 0.831*** | 0.831*** | |||||
| (0.036) | (0.036) | (0.035) | ||||||
| urb | 0.185 | 0.098 | 0.279 | |||||
| (0.348) | (0.178) | (0.205) | ||||||
| hca | -0.664** | -2.083*** | -0.642** | -2.526*** | -0.623* | -1.745*** | ||
| (0.297) | (-5.330) | (0.309) | (-6.54) | (0.309) | (-4.420) | |||
| lr | 0.026** | 0.103*** | 0.026** | 0.102*** | 0.022* | 0.089*** | ||
| (0.012) | (3.320) | (0.012) | (3.480) | (0.011) | (2.840) | |||
| tdr | -0.069 | -0.991*** | -0.071 | -1.003*** | -0.063 | -1.092*** | ||
| (0.049) | (-7.660) | (0.049) | (-8.120) | (0.047) | (-8.630) | |||
| lpci | 0.089 | 0.423*** | 0.093 | 0.436*** | 0.065 | 0.447*** | ||
| (0.062) | (10.930) | (0.061) | (15.890) | (0.068) | (11.900) | |||
| psti | -0.001 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.012*** | ||||
| (0.002) | (0.950) | (0.002) | (3.740) | |||||
| tec | -2.715** | -27.533*** | -2.490* | -27.169*** | ||||
| (1.282) | (-8.610) | (1.294) | (-8.980) | |||||
| eg | -0.789 | -2.324 | -0.779 | -2.186 | -0.760 | -2.232 | ||
| (0.564) | (-1.530) | (0.573) | (-1.490) | (0.574) | (-1.460) | |||
| lftl | 0.009 | 0.058*** | 0.009 | 0.061*** | ||||
| (0.009) | (4.010) | (0.010) | (4.240) | |||||
| urb×psti | -0.001 | 0.001* | ||||||
| (0.003) | (0.220) | |||||||
| urb≤62.1% | ||||||||
| -0.001 | ||||||||
| (-0.190) | ||||||||
| urb>62.1% | ||||||||
| urb×tec | -3.028* | -36.741*** | ||||||
| (1.671) | (-10.720) | |||||||
| urb≤57.6% | ||||||||
| -34.956*** | ||||||||
| (-10.980) | ||||||||
| urb>57.6% | ||||||||
| urb×lftl | -0.010 | -0.008 | ||||||
| (0.015) | (-0.540) | |||||||
| urb≤41.7% | ||||||||
| 0.001* | ||||||||
| (0.050) | ||||||||
| 41.7%<urb≤76.3% | ||||||||
| -0.014 | ||||||||
| (-0.980) | ||||||||
| urb>76.3% | ||||||||
| 常数项 | -0.514 | -3.309*** | -0.551 | -3.713*** | -0.252 | -3.636*** | ||
| (0.659) | (-10.810) | (0.653) | (-16.260) | (0.668) | (-10.590) | |||
| 观测样本数 | 420 | 450 | 420 | 450 | 420 | 450 | ||
| R2 | 0.827 | 0.839 | 0.826 | |||||
| AR(1) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |||||
| AR(2) | 0.262 | 0.260 | 0.257 | |||||
| Hansen test | 0.243 | 0.196 | 0.201 | |||||
表6 变量说明及描述性统计Table 6 Variable description and descriptive statistics |
| 变量名称 | 变量说明 | 均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 人均能源消费量(oegc) | 人均初级能源消费量/tce,取对数 | 8.30 | 0.46 | 6.82 | 9.92 |
| 城镇化率(ourb) | 城镇人口占总人口比重/% | 77.82 | 11.66 | 51.53 | 98.04 |
| 人力资本集聚度(ohca) | 受过高等教育毕业人数占总人口比重/% | 0.96 | 0.28 | 0.07 | 1.79 |
| 劳动力参与率(olpr) | 15~64岁劳动力占劳动力总数比重/% | 65.85 | 5.94 | 45.00 | 81.57 |
| 总抚养比(otdr) | 0~14岁少年人口与65岁及以上老年人口之和与劳动年龄人口之比/% | 51.52 | 5.64 | 36.80 | 68.50 |
| 居民收入水平(opci) | 人均居民最终消费支出的年增长率/% | 1.01 | 0.03 | 0.85 | 1.13 |
| 产业结构(opsti) | 工业与服务业增加值总额占GDP比重/% | 88.02 | 4.73 | 20.42 | 99.16 |
| 技术创新水平(otec) | 居民专利申请数/件,取对数 | 7.60 | 2.18 | 2.71 | 12.82 |
| 环境规制强度(oeg) | 林业区域面积占总土地面积比重/% | 34.37 | 18.10 | 0.37 | 73.74 |
| 对外贸易水平(oftl) | 商品贸易总额占GDP比重/% | 71.19 | 39.23 | 18.42 | 180.89 |
资料来源:OECD、IMF、World Bank、联合国教科文组织的统计数据库。 |
表7 中国和OECD国家能源消费影响因素的固定效应回归结果Table 7 Fixed effect regression results of influencing factors of energy consumption in China and OECD countries |
| 中国 | OECD国家 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 低级阶段: urb≤57.6% | 中级阶段: 57.6%<urb≤76.3% | 高级阶段: urb>76.3% | 低级阶段: urb≤57.6% | 中级阶段: 57.6%<urb≤76.3% | 高级阶段: urb>76.3% | |
| 城镇化率 | -0.396 | 0.073* | -1.980 | 2.759*** | 4.058** | 2.327 |
| (-0.500) | (0.070) | (-1.250) | (11.570) | (2.900) | (1.340) | |
| 人力资本聚集度 | -2.313* | -1.881 | 2.082*** | -3.266 | 10.438 | 19.663 |
| (-2.030) | (-1.610) | (39.180) | (-0.520) | (0.710) | (1.710) | |
| 劳动力参与率 | 0.069* | 0.053 | 0.188* | 2.863 | 5.486*** | 1.155 |
| (1.640) | (0.750) | (3.560) | (2.090) | (16.840) | (0.580) | |
| 总抚养比 | -0.463** | -0.238 | -0.660** | 1.817** | -0.744 | -2.391** |
| (-2.390) | (-1.120) | (-1.220) | (3.730) | (-0.830) | (-2.210) | |
| 居民收入水平 | 1.516*** | 0.232* | 0.249** | 0.112 | -1.244 | 0.598 |
| (3.160) | (2.110) | (4.790) | (1.170) | (-1.800) | (0.760) | |
| 产业结构 | -0.007 | -0.003 | 0.109 | 4.095 | -1.001 | 1.119*** |
| (-0.870) | (-0.340) | (1.670) | (1.910) | (-0.590) | (4.590) | |
| 技术创新水平 | -1.814 | 8.790 | -7.320** | 0.089*** | 0.024 | -0.187* |
| (-0.120) | (0.390) | (-9.080) | (7.750) | (0.660) | (-1.740) | |
| 环境规制强度 | -1.400* | -1.022 | 1.120 | -0.290** | -0.190 | 0.863 |
| (-1.110) | (-0.910) | (0.120) | (-5.830) | (-0.510) | (0.690) | |
| 对外贸易水平 | 0.050* | 0.078** | 0.047 | 0.188*** | 0.707** | 0.150 |
| (1.390) | (1.040) | (1.450) | (8.900) | (2.650) | (0.600) | |
| 常数项 | -12.745*** | -1.962 | -11.393 | -0.109 | 2.349** | 6.865*** |
| (-3.050) | (-1.540) | (-2.100) | (-0.090) | (2.290) | (4.220) | |
| 观测样本数 | 304 | 104 | 42 | 36 | 137 | 307 |
| R2 | 0.900 | 0.889 | 0.913 | 0.825 | 0.487 | 0.143 |
| 时间、地区固定效应 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
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