再生水补给河道周边水体特征——以北京潮白河顺义段为例
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姜瑞雪,女,安徽天长人,硕士生,研究方向为再生水利用与地下水补给过程。E-mail: jiangrx.18s@igsnrr.ac.cn |
收稿日期: 2019-12-31
要求修回日期: 2020-05-26
网络出版日期: 2021-02-25
基金资助
国家自然科学基金重点项目(41730749)
版权
Impacts of reclaimed water recharge to a river channel on ambient water bodies: A case study of the Chaobai River in Beijing
Received date: 2019-12-31
Request revised date: 2020-05-26
Online published: 2021-02-25
北京市再生水主要用于河湖补水,但再生水中污染物本底值较高,对周边水体产生了一定影响。本文基于2015—2017年北京潮白河顺义段再生水、地表水和浅层地下水的水位、水质监测数据,运用数理统计和水化学分析等方法,研究了再生水长期补给河道后周边水体的特征。结果表明:①受再生水水质影响,再生水补给河道的地表水总氮在所有监测点均出现超标;河道沿程氮、磷含量降低,pH值升高,夏季更为显著,与藻类光合作用和反硝化作用等因素有关。②周边浅层地下水水位稳定,仅存在季节变化;水化学类型以HCO3·Cl-Na·Ca型为主,与再生水相似;140个水样中120个符合地下水Ⅳ类及以上标准,沿地下水流向水质有变好趋势;19个水样氨氮超标,主要出现在河南村橡胶坝附近,氮素可能来源于周边农、林地土壤氮素和灌溉施肥输入。③浅层地下水与地表水的主要水化学组分存在差异,与入渗过程中发生阳离子交换吸附作用和混合作用有关;河流渗漏影响到了距离河道中心约425 m的浅层地下水水质。本文可为进一步改善潮白河及其周边地下水水质和提高再生水利用率提供参考。
姜瑞雪 , 韩冬梅 , 宋献方 , 杨丽虎 , 李炳华 . 再生水补给河道周边水体特征——以北京潮白河顺义段为例[J]. 资源科学, 2020 , 42(12) : 2419 -2433 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2020.12.13
Reclaimed water is used primarily for replenishing rivers and lakes in Beijing, but the impact of reclaimed water on ambient water environment has also been a concern. This research monitored the water quality of the reclaimed water, surface water, and shallow groundwater in the Chaobai River in Beijing from 2015 to 2017. This study used mathematical statistics and hydrochemical analysis to investigate the characteristics of the ambient water bodies under long-term reclaimed water recharge to the river. The results show that the total nitrogen in surface water exceeded the quality standard at all monitoring points because the reclaimed water had a high nutrient content. The concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus decreased and the pH value increased along the river, which was more significant in the summer. This is related to photosynthesis and denitrification. The surrounding shallow groundwater level showed seasonal variation only. The hydrochemical type of shallow groundwater was mainly HCO3·Cl-Na·Ca type, which was similar to the reclaimed water. But the main ion concentrations in different water bodies were different due to cation exchange and absorption during the infiltration process and mixing. The maximum distance of the reclaimed water impact on shallow groundwater quality was about 425 m away from the center of the river course. Of the 140 water samples, 120 met the class Ⅱ to IV groundwater quality standard, and the groundwater quality tended to get better along the groundwater flow direction. The ammonia nitrogen concentration of 19 water samples exceeded the quality standard. It mainly occurred near the Henan Village dam. Nitrogen might have come from soil nitrogen, irrigation, and fertilization input in the surrounding agricultural and forestry lands. This study provided important references for improving the water quality of the ambient water bodies in the Chaobai River and increasing the utilization of reclaimed water.
Key words: reclaimed water; surface water; groundwater; water quality; water level; Chaobai River
表1 再生水、地表水和浅层地下水水样的水化学参数统计Table 1 Statistics of hydrochemical parameters of reclaimed water, surface water, and shallow groundwater |
| pH | TDS /(mg/L) | TH /(mg/L) | K+ /(mg/L) | Na+ /(mg/L) | Ca2+ /(mg/L) | Mg2+ /(mg/L) | Cl- /(mg/L) | SO42- /(mg/L) | HCO3- /(mg/L) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 再生水 | ||||||||||
| 极小值 | 7.4 | 407.0 | 207.0 | 2.4 | 54.4 | 45.2 | 18.4 | 69.5 | 12.2 | 164.0 |
| 极大值 | 8.4 | 624.0 | 306.0 | 20.3 | 118.0 | 87.4 | 24.6 | 122.0 | 150.0 | 299.0 |
| 均值 | 8.0 | 566.2 | 242.8 | 13.5 | 87.6 | 60.7 | 22.0 | 91.7 | 96.9 | 225.0 |
| 标准差 | 0.2 | 61.0 | 24.3 | 4.2 | 15.5 | 10.5 | 2.0 | 14.4 | 36.8 | 39.1 |
| 变异系数/% | 3.1 | 10.8 | 10.0 | 30.9 | 17.7 | 17.3 | 9.1 | 15.7 | 37.9 | 17.4 |
| 地表水 | ||||||||||
| 极小值 | 7.5 | 235.0 | 95.8 | 1.8 | 22.9 | 14.7 | 10.8 | 27.0 | 45.7 | 73.2 |
| 极大值 | 9.5 | 639.0 | 287.0 | 20.3 | 125.0 | 84.2 | 29.5 | 113.0 | 171.0 | 336.0 |
| 均值 | 8.2 | 485.5 | 189.0 | 13.0 | 80.0 | 41.3 | 20.0 | 83.0 | 98.8 | 193.9 |
| 标准差 | 0.3 | 94.0 | 48.9 | 3.8 | 18.8 | 16.8 | 3.6 | 15.4 | 22.3 | 53.4 |
| 变异系数/% | 4.0 | 19.4 | 25.9 | 29.6 | 23.5 | 40.5 | 18.0 | 18.5 | 22.5 | 27.6 |
| 浅层地下水 | ||||||||||
| 极小值 | 7.1 | 210.0 | 50.9 | 0.8 | 35.1 | 8.5 | 7.9 | 50.2 | 0.1 | 36.8 |
| 极大值 | 8.8 | 1020.0 | 683.0 | 19.2 | 120.0 | 184.0 | 52.4 | 130.0 | 186.0 | 554.0 |
| 均值 | 7.9 | 455.2 | 231.5 | 3.7 | 65.2 | 56.0 | 21.7 | 84.5 | 53.7 | 269.7 |
| 标准差 | 0.4 | 131.3 | 105.6 | 3.4 | 16.9 | 29.5 | 8.8 | 16.0 | 38.3 | 104.4 |
| 变异系数/% | 4.7 | 28.8 | 45.6 | 92.8 | 25.9 | 52.7 | 40.6 | 19.0 | 71.3 | 38.7 |
表2 再生水、地表水和地下水的部分水质标准Table 2 Quality standards for reclaimed water, surface water, and groundwater |
| 指标 | 单位 | 工程设计出水水质 | 地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838—2002) | 地下水质量标准(GB/T 14848—2017) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅲ类 | Ⅳ类 | Ⅰ类 | Ⅱ类 | Ⅲ类 | Ⅳ类 | Ⅴ类 | ||||
| pH | 无量纲 | 6~9 | 6~9 | 6~9 | 6.5~8.5 | 5.5~6.5,8.5~9 | <5.5,>9 | |||
| DO | mg/L | ≥5 | ≥5 | ≥3 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CODMn | mg/L | ≤6 | ≤6 | ≤10 | ≤1 | ≤2 | ≤3 | ≤10 | ≤10 | |
| BOD5 | mg/L | ≤4 | ≤4 | ≤6 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TP | mg/L | ≤0.2 | ≤0.2 | ≤0.3 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TN | mg/L | ≤15 | ≤1 | ≤1.5 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TH | mg/L | — | — | — | ≤150 | ≤300 | ≤450 | ≤650 | >650 | |
| TDS | mg/L | — | — | — | ≤300 | ≤500 | ≤1000 | ≤2000 | >2000 | |
| NO3-N | mg/L | ≤10 | ≤10 | — | ≤2.0 | ≤5.0 | ≤20 | ≤30 | >30 | |
| NO2-N | mg/L | — | — | — | ≤0.01 | ≤0.1 | ≤1 | ≤4.8 | >4.8 | |
| NH4-N | mg/L | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1.5 | ≤0.02 | ≤0.1 | ≤0.5 | ≤1.5 | >1.5 | |
| SO42- | mg/L | — | — | — | ≤50 | ≤150 | ≤250 | ≤350 | >350 | |
| Cl- | mg/L | — | — | — | ≤50 | ≤150 | ≤250 | ≤350 | >350 | |
| Na+ | mg/L | — | — | — | ≤100 | ≤150 | ≤200 | ≤400 | >400 | |
注:地表水环境质量分类:Ⅲ类:主要适用于集中式生活饮用水地表水源地二级保护区、鱼虾类越冬场、洄游通道、水产养殖区等渔业水域及游泳区;Ⅳ类:主要适用于一般工业用水区及人体非直接接触的娱乐用水区。地下水质量分类:Ⅰ类:地下水化学组分含量低,适用于各种用途;Ⅱ类:地下水化学组分含量较低,适用于各种用途;Ⅲ类:地下水化学组分含量中等,以GB 5749—2006为依据,主要适用于集中式生活饮用水水源及工农业用水;Ⅳ类:地下水化学组分含量较高,以农业和工业用水质量要求以及一定水平的人体健康风险为依据,适用于农业和部分工业用水,适当处理后可作生活饮用水;V类:地下水化学组分含量高,不宜作为生活饮用水水源,其他用水可根据使用目的选用。 |
表3 浅层地下水中氯离子初始浓度与2015—2017年监测值Table 3 Initial concentration of chloride ion and monitored data from 2015 to 2017 in shallow groundwater |
| G01 | G02 | G03 | G04 | G05 | G06 | G07 | G09 | G10 | G11 | G12 | G13 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015—2017年监测值/(mg/L) | 极大值 | 73.8 | 79.0 | 100.0 | 130.0 | 120.0 | 114.0 | 94.2 | 108.0 | 108.0 | 86.9 | 110.0 | 94.8 |
| 极小值 | 50.2 | 63.8 | 59.0 | 73.6 | 94.7 | 76.4 | 76.8 | 85.4 | 84.6 | 72.3 | 67.6 | 74.0 | |
| 平均值 | 61.8 | 70.2 | 71.0 | 106.6 | 104.5 | 86.4 | 88.2 | 97.6 | 94.4 | 80.7 | 88.5 | 86.6 | |
| 初始浓度[20]/(mg/L) | 27.9 | 28.7 | 40.6 | 75.7 | 66.6 | 46.3 | 68.9 | 31.4 | 28.5 | 23.9 | 140.8 | 23.5 | |
表4 部分地表水和浅层地下水的三氮含量Table 4 Nitrogen concentrations in part of surface water and shallow groundwater |
| NO3-N/ (mg/L) | NO2-N/ (mg/L) | NH4-N/ (mg/L) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 受水前[17] | G06 | 0.50 | 0.013 | 0.80 |
| 受水后 | S01 | 2.69 | 0.05 | 0.38 |
| G04 | 0.03 | 0.003 | 0.07 | |
| G05 | 0.03 | 0.004 | 0.17 | |
| G06 | 0.34 | 0.02 | 0.23 | |
| G07 | 0.05 | 0.005 | 0.35 | |
| RW | 11.09 | 0.05 | 0.73 | |
| G08 | 3.49 | 0.06 | 0.24 | |
| S06 | 1.98 | 0.10 | 0.42 | |
| G09 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 2.21 | |
| G10 | 0.03 | 0.003 | 1.14 | |
| G11 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 1.32 | |
| G12 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.71 | |
| S07 | 1.97 | 0.07 | 0.53 | |
| G13 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 1.82 | |
| G14 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.44 |
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