北极海洋资源利用的国际机制及中国应对
|
陈奕彤,女,山东青岛人,法学博士,讲师,主要研究方向为国际法、海洋法、极地问题。E-mail: chenyitong@outlook.com |
收稿日期: 2020-05-07
要求修回日期: 2020-09-03
网络出版日期: 2021-01-25
基金资助
教育部人文社会科学研究基金项目(15YJC820006)
科技部国家重点研发计划重点专项(SQ2019YFC140025-04)
山东省高校青年创新计划项目(2020RWB006)
版权
International regime for the use of Arctic marine resources and China’s response
Received date: 2020-05-07
Request revised date: 2020-09-03
Online published: 2021-01-25
气候变化使人类利用北极海洋资源成为可能,但少有研究涉及包括北极理事会在内的国际机制在北极海洋资源利用中的价值和作用方式,及其与环境保护之间互动机理的动态发展。对北极海洋资源利用的国际机制进行研究,有利于更好地利用北极海洋资源并为维护中国在北极的权益提供科学依据和参考意义。在气候变化的影响下,以往因海域结冰而无法利用的航运、油气、渔业等海洋资源被开发的机会和潜力显著增强,并吸引了各利益攸关方的浓厚兴趣。通过对北极海洋资源利用潜力和环境风险及相应的国际治理机制进行分析,发现:①具有分区主义特性的《联合国海洋法公约》和以议题为基础的一系列国际组织和国际法律文书共同构成了有关北极海洋资源利用的国际机制;②北极理事会在治理海洋资源利用的过程中,扮演了提供知识产品、协调北极国家一致意见、提升政治意愿、联络相关主管国际组织的角色,但其区域主义的治理路径缺乏对外部利益、人类共同利益以及海洋整体利益的考虑;③在跨领域的北极海洋资源利用问题上,现有的国际机制忽视了海洋的整体性,在解决资源利用与海洋生态环境保护之间的关系上力有不逮,既有的国际机制亟需能够容纳域外利益攸关者的国际合作。中国应在海洋命运共同体理念的指引下,继续拓宽在北极理事会内外参与北极治理的多维渠道,有技巧地维护中国在北极地区的国家利益。
陈奕彤 , 高晓 . 北极海洋资源利用的国际机制及中国应对[J]. 资源科学, 2020 , 42(11) : 2062 -2074 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2020.11.02
Climate change has made it possible for the human being to use the Arctic marine resources, but few studies have addressed the value and role of the international regime, including the Arctic Council, in the use of Arctic marine resources, as well as the dynamics of the interactive mechanism with environmental protection. The study of the international regime for the use of Arctic marine resources will be conducive to better utilization of Arctic marine resources and provide a scientific basis and reference for safeguarding China’s rights and interests in the Arctic. Under the impact of climate change, opportunities and potential for the exploitation of marine resources, such as shipping, oil and gas, and fisheries, which were previously unavailable due to sea ice, have attracted keen interest from various stakeholders. Through the analysis of the potential for the use of Arctic marine resources and environmental risks and the corresponding international governance regime, it was found that the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which has a sectoral character that divides the whole ocean into different maritime zones, and a series of issue-based international organizations and international legal instruments together constitute the international regime for the use of Arctic marine resources. The Arctic Council plays the role of providing knowledge products, coordinating the consensus of Arctic States, promoting political will, and liaising with relevant competent international organizations in the governance of Arctic marine resources, but its regional approach lacks consideration of external interests, the common interests of mankind, and the overall interests of the ocean. On the cross-sectorial issue of the use of Arctic marine resources, the existing international regime neglects the wholeness of the overall ocean, and it has not been able to address the relationship between resource use and marine ecological and environmental protection. The existing international regime is in dire need of international cooperation that can accommodate external stakeholders. Under the guidance of the concept of a community of maritime destiny, China should continue to expand the multidimensional channels for participation in Arctic governance within and outside the Arctic Council, and skillfully safeguard its national interests in the Arctic region.
| [1] |
北极问题研究编写组. 北极问题研究[M]. 北京: 海洋出版社, 2011.
[ Arctic Research and Writing Group. Arctic Research[M]. Beijing: Ocean Press, 2011.]
|
| [2] |
联合国公约与宣言检索系统. 联合国海洋法公约[EB/OL]. (1994-11-16) [2020-08-24]. https://www.un.org/zh/documents/treaty/files/UNCLOS-1982.shtml#5.
[ United Nations Convention and Declaration Retrieval System. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea[EB/OL]. (1994-11-16) [2020-08-24]. https://www.un.org/zh/documents/treaty/files/UNCLOS-1982.shtml#5.]
|
| [3] |
Arctic Council. Declaration on the Establishment of the Arctic Council[EB/OL]. (1996-12) [2020-08-24]. https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/handle/11374/85.
|
| [4] |
Arctic Council. The Arctic Council: About[EB/OL]. (1996-12) [2020-08-24]. https://arctic-council.org/en/about/.
|
| [5] |
|
| [6] |
联合国公约与宣言检索系统. 变革我们的世界: 2030年可持续发展议程[EB/OL]. (2015-09-25) [2020-08-24]. https://www.un.org/zh/documents/treaty/files/A-RES-70-1.shtml.
[ Declaration Retrieval System. Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development[EB/OL]. (2015-09-25) [2020-08-24]. https://www.un.org/zh/documents/treaty/files/A-RES-70-1.shtml.]
|
| [7] |
刘惠荣, 杨凡. 国际法视野下的北极环境法律问题研究[J]. 中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版), 2009, (3):1-5.
[
|
| [8] |
杨剑. 中国发展极地事业的战略思考[J]. 人民论坛·学术前沿, 2017, (11):6-15.
[
|
| [9] |
吴军, 吴雷钊. 中国北极海域权益分析: 以国际海洋法为基点的考量[J]. 武汉大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2014,67(3):51-55.
[
|
| [10] |
U.S. Geological Survey. Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of the Arctic Circle[R/OL]. U.S. Department of the Interior, 2008. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3049/fs2008-3049.pdf.
|
| [11] |
|
| [12] |
李振福, 汤晓雯, 姚丽丽, 等. 北极通道开发与中国石油进口通道格局变化[J]. 资源科学, 2015,37(8):1639-1649.
[
|
| [13] |
|
| [14] |
|
| [15] |
|
| [16] |
|
| [17] |
Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Norway’s Arctic Policy[R/OL]. 2015. https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/ud/vedlegg/nord/nordkloden_en.pdf.
|
| [18] |
Barents Observer. Norway Proposes to Open 125 New Oil Exploration Blocks in the Barents Sea[EB/OL]. (2020-06-24) [2020-08-24]. https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/industry-and-energy/2020/06/norway-proposes-open-125-new-oil-exploration-blocks-barents-sea.
|
| [19] |
国际极地与海洋门户. 中国造船公司为亚马尔LNG项目打造全球首艘4.45万吨级极地凝析油轮[EB/OL]. (2018-12-06) [2020-08-24]. http://www.polaroceanportal.com/article/2408.
[ Polar and Ocean Portal. Chinese Shipbuilding Corporation Builds the World’s First 44, 500-ton Polar Condensate Tanker for Yamal LNG Project[EB/OL]. (2018-12-06) [2020-08-24]. http://www.polaroceanportal.com/article/2408.]
|
| [20] |
BOEM. Alaska Historical Data[EB/OL]. (2020-06-18) [2020-08-24]. http://www.boem.gov/AKOCS_Wells_Drilled_per_Year/.
|
| [21] |
Shell. Shell updates on Alaska exploration[EB/OL]. (2015-09-28) [2020-08-24]. https://www.shell.com/media/news-and-mediareleases/2015/shell-updates-on-alaska-exploration.html.
|
| [22] |
New York Times. Obama Bans Drilling in Parts of the Atlantic and the Arctic[N/OL]. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/20/us/obama-drilling-ban-arctic-atlantic.html.
|
| [23] |
|
| [24] |
|
| [25] |
Eurasia Group report for The Wilson Center. Opportunities and Challenges for Arctic Oil and Gas Development [C]. Houston: OTC Arctic Technology Conference, 2014.
|
| [26] |
|
| [27] |
EPPR (Emergency Prevention, Preparedness, and Response). Field Guide for Oil Spill Response in Arctic Waters (2nd ed.) [EB/OL]. (2018-08-03) [2020-08-24]. http://www.pws-osri.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/EPPR_Field_Guide_2nd_Edition_2017 1.pdf.
|
| [28] |
NEB (National Energy Board Canada). Spill Response Gap Study for the Canadian Beaufort Sea and the Canadian Davis Strait[EB/OL]. (2011-07-18) [2020-08-24]. https://apps.neb-one.gc.ca/REGDOCS/Item/Filing/A30372.
|
| [29] |
CAFF. Status and Trends in Arctic Biodiversity[EB/OL]. (2013-05-16) [2020-08-24]. http://arcticlcc.org/assets/resources/AB A2013Science.pdf.
|
| [30] |
|
| [31] |
|
| [32] |
|
| [33] |
|
| [34] |
|
| [35] |
郑志华, 宋小艺. 全球海洋治理碎片化的挑战与因应之道[J]. 国际社会科学杂志(中文版), 2020, (1):174-183.
[
|
| [36] |
|
| [37] |
IMO. International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation[EB/OL]. (1990-11-30) [2020-08-24]. http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-on-Oil-Pollution-Preparedness,-Response-and-Co-operation-(OPRC).aspx.
|
| [38] |
IMO. Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matters[EB/OL]. (1983-10-02) [2020-08-24]. http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Prevention-of-Pollution-from-Ships-(MARPOL).aspx.
|
| [39] |
IMO. International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code)[EB/OL]. [2020-08-24]. http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/polar/Pages/default.aspx.
|
| [40] |
白佳玉, 李俊瑶. 北极航行治理新规则形成、 发展与未来实践[J]. 上海交通大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2015,23(6):14-23.
[
|
| [41] |
陈奕彤. 极地规则能有效减缓北极航运的环境与安全风险么?[A]. 薛桂芳. 海洋法学研究(第二辑)[M]. 上海: 上海交通大学出版社, 2018.
[
|
| [42] |
|
| [43] |
IMO. Code for the Construction and Equipment of Mobile Offshore Drilling Units[EB/OL]. [2020-08-24]. http://www.imo.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/IndexofIMOResolutions/Assembly/Documents/A.1023(26).pdf.
|
| [44] |
ISO. 19906:2019: Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries: Arctic Offshore Structures[EB/OL]. (2019-07) [2020-08-24]. https://www.iso.org/standard/65477.html.
|
| [45] |
API(American Petroleum Institute). RP 2N: Planning, Designing, and Constructing Structures and Pipelines for Arctic Conditions[EB/OL]. (2015-04-01) [2020-08-24]. https://standards.globalspec.com/std/9915186/API%20RP%202N.
|
| [46] |
中华人民共和国外交部-条约数据库. 执行1982年12月10日《联合国海洋法公约》有关养护和管理跨界鱼类种群和高度洄游鱼类种群的规定的协定[EB/OL]. (1995-08-04) [2020-08-24]. http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876071109.
[ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. Treaty Database. Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks[EB/OL]. (1995-08-04) [2020-08-24]. http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1531876071109.]
|
| [47] |
PEW. The International Waters of the CAO: Protecting Fisheries in an Emerging Ocean[EB/OL]. (2013-04-05) [2020-08-24]. http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2013/04/the-international-waters-of-the-central-arctic-ocean-protecting-fisheries-in-an-emerging-ocean.
|
| [48] |
Arctic Five. The Oslo Declaration on High Seas Fishing in the Central Arctic Ocean[EB/OL]. (2015-07) [2020-08-24]. https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/ud/vedlegg/folkerett/declaration-on-arctic-fisheries-16-july-2015.pdf.
|
| [49] |
中华人民共和国外交部-条约数据库. 预防中北冰洋不管制公海渔业协定[EB/OL]. (2018-10-03) [2020-08-24]. http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=1545033178819.
[ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. Treaty Database. Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Sea Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean[EB/OL]. (2018-10-03) [ 2020-08-24]. http://treaty.mfa.gov.cn/Treaty/web/detail1.jsp?objid=154503 3178819.]
|
| [50] |
Arctic Ministerial Meeting. Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report[R/OL]. 2009. https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/handle/11374/54.
|
| [51] |
Arctic Council. Arctic Shipping Report #1: The Increase in Arctic Shipping 2013-2019.[2020-08-24]. https://www.pame.is/document-library/shipping-documents/arctic-ship-traffic-data-documents/reports/arctic-shipping-status-reports-jpg-version/arctic-shipping-report-1-the-increase-in-arctic-shipping-2013-2019-jpgs.
|
| [52] |
Arctic Council. Enhanced Black Carbon and Methane Emission Reductions[EB/OL]. (2015-03) [2020-08-24]. https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/handle/11374/1430.
|
| [53] |
|
| [54] |
PAME. Arctic Offshore Oil and Gas Guidelines. Systems Safety Management and Safety Culture. Avoiding Major Disasters in Arctic Offshore Oil and Gas Operations[EB/OL]. (2014-03) [2020-08-24]. https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/handle/11374/1342.
|
| [55] |
Arctic Council. Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response in the Arctic[EB/OL]. (2013-05) [2020-08-24]. http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/documnent-archive/category/425-mnain-documnents-fron-kiruna-mninisterial-mneefing.
|
| [56] |
|
| [57] |
郑凡. 从海洋区域合作论“一带一路”设海上合作[J]. 太平洋学报, 2019,27(8):54-66.
[
|
| [58] |
Canada, Denmark, Norway, et al. 2008 Ilulissat Declaration.[EB/OL]. (2017-07-13) [2020-08-24]. https://cil.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/2008-Ilulissat-Declaration.pdf.
|
| [59] |
Arctic Council. Guidelines for Implementing an Ecosystem Approach to Management of Arctic Marine Ecosystems[EB/OL]. (2019-05-06) [2020-08-24]. https://www.pame.is/index.php/document-library/pame-reports-new/pame-ministerial-deliverables/2019-11th-arctic-council-ministerial-meeting-rovaniemi-finland/424-guidelines-for-implementing-an-ecosystem-approach-to-management-of-arctic-marine-ecosystems/file.
|
| [60] |
Arctic Council. Framework for a Pan-Arctic Network of Marine Protected Areas. A Network of Places and Natural Features Specially-managed for the Conservation and Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment[EB/OL]. (2015-03-04) [2020-08-24]. https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/handle/11374/1471.
|
| [61] |
United Nations. Intergovernmental Conference on an International Legally Binding Instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction (General Assembly Resolution 72/249)[EB/OL]. (2017-12-24) [2020-08-24]. https://www.un.org/bbnj/.
|
| [62] |
吴晓明, 王德峰编选. 鲁迅文选[M]. 上海: 上海远东出版社, 2011.
[
|
| [63] |
|
| [64] |
|
| [65] |
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室. 《中国的北极政策》白皮书[EB/OL]. (2018-01-26) [2020-08-24]. http://www.scio.gov.cn/ztk/dtzt/37868/37869/37871/Document/1618207/1618207.htm.
[ The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China. China’s Arctic Policy (White Paper)[EB/OL]. (2018-01-26) [2020-08-24]. http://www.scio.gov.cn/ztk/dtzt/37868/37869/378 71/Document/1618207/1618207.htm.]
|
| [66] |
|
| [67] |
新华网. 习近平集体会见出席海军成立70周年多国海军活动外方代表团团长[EB/OL]. (2019-04-23) [2020-08-24]. http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/leaders/2019-04/23/c_1124404136.htm
[ Xinhuanet. Xi Jinping Met Collectively with Heads of Foreign Delegations Attending Multinational Naval Events on the 70th Anniversary of the Founding of the Navy[EB/OL]. (2019-04-23) [2020-08-24]. http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/leaders/201 9-04/23/c_1124404136.htm.]
|
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |