基于产业链国际贸易网络的中国优势矿产资源全球贸易格局和竞争力——以钨为例
李华姣,女,山东烟台人,副教授,博士生导师,研究方向为复杂科学管理、资源环境政策。E-mail: babyproud@126.com |
收稿日期: 2020-01-01
要求修回日期: 2020-07-14
网络出版日期: 2020-10-25
基金资助
国家自然科学基金重大项目(71991481)
国家自然科学基金项目(41871202)
国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(41701121)
版权
Trade and competitiveness structure of China’s advantageous mineral resources based on the international trade network of industrial chain: A case study of Tungsten
Received date: 2020-01-01
Request revised date: 2020-07-14
Online published: 2020-10-25
为深入研究优势矿产资源产业链各环节产品国际贸易的格局和特征,识别中国在产业链各阶段的贸易竞争优势和潜在问题,本文以钨为例,选取了2009—2018年Uncomtrade商品名称中含钨关键词的钨矿和钨精矿、钨酸盐、钨铁合金和钨制品四大类产品的国际贸易数据,构建了国家(地区)间贸易网络,从贸易额、产业集中度类型等角度分析了不同类别钨产品国际贸易的整体格局和演化趋势,并根据C8寡占成员的演化情况选取了稳居寡占名单的国家作为典型研究对象,对其寡占优势、中介控制优势、出口结构等方面的竞争力进行了分析。结果发现:钨产业链各环节均存在少数国家掌握着极大的贸易量的现象;中国具有贸易中介控制力竞争优势的是钨矿,而具有寡占竞争优势的主要是中下游产品,且总体上呈现出“中间高两头低”倒U型特征,同时中国具有出口分散渠道方面较好的优势以及中介控制能力的劣势。中国想要实现与自身资源禀赋和加工生产能力相匹配的话语权,仍需要基于现有寡占竞争力,在精细化产品加工、中介控制能力等方面提升竞争力。此外,本文基于中国各环节竞争优势横纵向对比提出了相关建议,为量化分析钨产业链不同环节存在问题和潜在风险提供了基础。
李华姣 , 安海忠 , 齐亚杰 , 刘海萍 . 基于产业链国际贸易网络的中国优势矿产资源全球贸易格局和竞争力——以钨为例[J]. 资源科学, 2020 , 42(8) : 1504 -1514 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2020.08.06
In order to examine the pattern and characteristics of international trade of products in each stage of the industrial chain of advantageous mineral resources, and identify China’s competitive advantages of trade and potential problems in the industrial chain, this study used tungsten as example and selected the international trade data of tungsten ore, tungsten concentrate, tungstate, ferroalloy, and tungsten products in the upstream, midstream, and downstream products of the tungsten industrial chain from 2009 to 2018, to construct the international trade networks to analyze the overall structure of international trade in each stage of the global tungsten industrial chain in terms of trade volume, industrial concentration type, and so on. We selected the countries and regions in the list of stable oligopolistic countries/regions as the typical research objects to analyze the oligopolistic index, the control ability of trade channels, the export structure index, among others, and found that few countries hold a large amount of trade in every stage of the tungsten industrial chain, and China has the highest competitiveness for exporting tungstate, and has competitive advantage in the midstream and downstream products. China’s competitive advantage shows a reversed-U shape. Meanwhile, China has the advantage of the diversity of channels and the disadvantage of the control ability of trade channels. Therefore, if China wants to realize the discourse power matching with its own resource endowment and processing capacity, it still needs to improve its competitiveness in terms of refined product processing and intermediary control ability based on the existing oligopoly competitiveness. Finally, we combined the horizontal and vertical comparison of China’s competitive advantage in international trade in all stages to analyze the problems and potential risks, and relevant recommendations were put forward.
图1 2009—2018年全球钨产业链四类典型产品总贸易额年度演化趋势Figure 1 Annual change of total trade volume of four typical products in the global tungsten industrial chain, 2009-2018 |
表1 2009—2018年全球钨矿贸易出口C8寡占名单中的国家/地区演化趋势Table 1 Countries and regions in the C8 oligopoly list of international trade of tungsten ore, 2009-2018 |
国家(地区) | 缩写 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
加拿大 | CA | 1 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
俄罗斯 | RU | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
玻利维亚 | BO | 3 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
葡萄牙 | PT | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
中国 | CN | 5 | 2 | 3 | N/A | 4 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
秘鲁 | PE | 6 | 6 | N/A | 8 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
卢旺达 | RW | 7 | 8 | N/A | 6 | 7 | 5 | 7 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
其他国家 | N/A | 8 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 3 | N/A | N/A |
越南 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 6 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
西班牙 | ES | N/A | N/A | N/A | 7 | N/A | 7 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
美国 | US | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 6 | 6 | N/A | N/A | 7 | N/A |
蒙古 | MN | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 6 | 6 | 5 | 7 |
中国香港 | HK | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8 | N/A | N/A |
英国 | GB | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 7 | 6 | 6 |
荷兰 | NL | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8 | N/A |
朝鲜 | KP | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 5 |
韩国 | KR | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8 |
注:表格中的数字为各个国家(地区)当年的排名情况,N/A表示当年没有排进前8名。 |
表2 2009—2018年全球钨酸盐贸易出口C8寡占名单中的/地区演化趋势Table 2 Countries and regions in the C8 oligopoly list of international trade of tungstate, 2009-2018 |
国家/地区 | 缩写 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
中国 | CN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
美国 | US | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 8 |
俄罗斯 | RU | 3 | N/A | 8 | 4 | 6 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
德国 | DE | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
荷兰 | NL | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
越南 | VN | 6 | 3 | 3 | N/A | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
爱尔兰 | IE | 7 | 7 | N/A | 7 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
英国 | GB | 8 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 5 | 5 | 5 |
澳大利亚 | AU | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8 | 8 | 6 | N/A | 7 | N/A | N/A |
奥地利 | AT | N/A | 8 | 6 | N/A | N/A | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | N/A |
瑞士 | CH | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 7 | 8 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
中国香港 | HK | N/A | 6 | 7 | 6 | N/A | N/A | 8 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
印度 | IN | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 7 | 4 |
日本 | JP | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 5 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
菲律宾 | PH | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 6 |
表3 2009—2018年全球钨铁合金贸易出口C8寡占名单中的国家/地区演化趋势Table 3 Countries and regions in the C8 oligopoly list of international trade of ferrotungsten alloy, 2009-2018 |
国家/地区 | 缩写 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
中国 | CN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
越南 | VN | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 7 |
荷兰 | NL | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
德国 | DE | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 |
巴西 | BR | 5 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 7 | N/A | 7 | N/A | 8 | 8 |
比利时 | BE | 6 | 7 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 7 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 4 |
中国香港 | HK | 7 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
英国 | GB | 8 | 8 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
哈萨克斯坦 | KZ | N/A | N/A | 5 | 7 | 8 | 1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
瑞典 | SE | N/A | N/A | 7 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 8 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
俄罗斯 | RU | N/A | N/A | N/A | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
韩国 | KR | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 5 | 6 | 5 |
乌克兰 | UA | N/A | 5 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
法国 | FR | N/A | N/A | 8 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
意大利 | IT | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8 | N/A | N/A |
表4 2009—2018全球钨制品贸易出口C8寡占名单中的国家/地区演化趋势Table 4 Countries and regions in the C8 oligopoly list of international trade of tungsten products, 2009-2018 |
国家/地区 | 缩写 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
中国 | CN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
美国 | US | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
日本 | JP | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
德国 | DE | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
奥地利 | AT | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 |
比利时 | BE | 6 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
韩国 | KR | 7 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 |
英国 | GB | 8 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 7 |
捷克 | CZ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8 | N/A | N/A | 8 | 5 |
法国 | FR | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8 | 8 | N/A | 7 | 7 | N/A | N/A |
以色列 | IL | N/A | 7 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
加拿大 | CA | N/A | N/A | 8 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
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