中国煤炭开采和矿后活动甲烷逃逸排放研究
马翠梅,女,安徽蒙城人,副研究员,主要从事应对气候变化政策以及国家和地方温室气体排放研究。E-mail: macm@ncsc.org.cn |
收稿日期: 2019-06-11
要求修回日期: 2019-12-24
网络出版日期: 2020-04-25
基金资助
中国准备第三次气候变化国家信息通报能力建设项目(00088737)
中国科学院A类战略性先导科技专项(XDA20020202)
版权
Methane fugitive emissions from coal mining and post-mining activities in China
Received date: 2019-06-11
Request revised date: 2019-12-24
Online published: 2020-04-25
甲烷(CH4)是仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)的一类重要温室气体,煤炭开采和矿后活动CH4逃逸排放是中国最大的CH4排放源。为编制高质量的国家温室气体清单以及制定针对性的控制温室气体排放措施,有必要对中国煤炭开采和矿后活动不同排放源的CH4逃逸开展系统研究。根据《IPCC 2006年国家温室气体清单指南》方法,对中国煤炭逃逸关键排放源井工煤矿开采和矿后活动采用本国特征排放因子法,其他排放源采用缺省排放因子法,计算了2010—2016年中国煤炭开采和矿后活动CH4逃逸排放量,分析了上述期间的排放趋势及排放构成,并开展了同其他国家隐含排放因子的对比分析。结果显示:①不考虑回收利用量时,2010—2016年中国煤炭开采和矿后活动CH4逃逸排放量先升后降,2010年排放量为2525万t,2013年达到峰值2716万t,之后缓慢下降到2016年的2269万t,最大的排放环节为井工开采,研究期年平均占比为83%。②2010—2016年CH4回收利用量年均上升17%,2016年回收利用量占总排放量的27%,扣除回收利用量后净排放量峰值年份前移到2011年。③不同国家本地化隐含排放因子差距较大,中国在主要产煤大国中处于中等偏下水平,与波兰相当,低于德国、俄罗斯和美国,位于IPCC缺省值下限。④从排放源范围、方法选择和排放因子等方面来看,中国煤炭开采和矿后活动CH4逃逸排放清单在非附件I国家中属于领先水平,但同附件I国家相比还存在一定差距。建议未来进一步提升计算范围的完整性,加强活动水平数据收集,以及深入开展中国特征排放因子研究,同时从管理和技术方面加强对煤矿瓦斯的回收利用水平。
马翠梅 , 戴尔阜 , 刘乙辰 , 王亚慧 , 王芳 . 中国煤炭开采和矿后活动甲烷逃逸排放研究[J]. 资源科学, 2020 , 42(2) : 311 -322 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2020.02.10
Methane (CH4) is a major greenhouse gas (GHG) after carbon dioxide (CO2), and coal mining and post-mining activities are the largest sources of CH4 fugitive emissions in China. It is of great significance for China to prepare high-quality national GHG inventory and formulate targeted GHG emission control measures through the systematic study of coal’s fugitive emissions. Following 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, China’s 2010-2016 CH4 emissions from coal mining and post-mining activities were calculated by tier 2 method, that is, the country-specific emission factors, and other sources by tier 1 method, that is, the default emission factors. The trend and composition of CH4 emissions, and implied emission factors were analyzed. The results show that CH4 emissions from China’s coal mining and post-mining activities rose first and then fell, reaching a peak in 2013, and the largest emission category was coal mining of underground mine, up to 83% of the total emissions when CH4 recovery was not considered. The average annual increase of CH4 recovery was 17%, the recovery rate was 27% in 2016, and the highest net emissions after deducting the recycling amount occurred in 2011. There was a large difference between the country-specific implied emission factors, and the country-specific implied emission factor of China was at the lower limit of the default values of the guidelines. The calculation of CH4 fugitive emissions from coal mining and post-mining activities in China have reached advanced level in non-Annex I countries, but there were still some gaps in emission sources, calculation method, and country-specific emission factors compared with Annex I countries. It is recommended that in the future the integrity of the inventory should be improved, the collection of activity data should be strengthened, an in-depth research on characteristic emission factors should be conducted, and the management and technology level of CH4 recycle from coal should be improved.
表1 《IPCC 2006指南》煤炭开采和矿后活动排放源计算方法Table 1 Summary of calculation methods for the sources of coal mining and post-mining activities in IPCC 2006 |
排放源 | 详细描述 | 排放气体 | CH4排放计算方法 | CH4缺省排放因子 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
井工 煤矿 | 井工 开采 | 通过通风和抽放系统带到大气的煤层气,可视为点源 | CH4和CO2 | 三个层级方法:全球平均排放因子法(T1)、国家或煤田特征排放因子法(T2)和矿井实测法(T3) | 矿井深度<200 m,缺省因子10 m3/t 400 m≥矿井深度≥200 m,缺省因子18 m3/t 矿井深度>400 m,缺省因子25 m3/t |
矿后 活动 | 煤炭开采后,从矿井带到地面,以及接下来的加工、存储和运输过程逃逸的温室气体 | CH4和CO2 | 两个层级方法:全球平均排放因子法(T1)和国家或煤田特征排放因子法(T2) | 矿井深度<200 m,缺省因子0.9 m3/t 400 m≥矿井深度≥200 m,缺省因子2.5 m3/t 矿井深度>400 m,缺省因子4.0 m3/t | |
废弃 矿井 | 废弃的井工煤矿逸散的温室气体排放 | CH4和CO2 | 两个层级方法:全球平均排放因子法(T1)、国家特征排放因子法(T2)和矿井加总法(T3) | 按关闭年份距离清单年份的时间间隔计,详见指南第2卷第4章表4.1.6 | |
露天 煤矿 | 露天 开采 | 采掘过程中由于煤和相关地层的破坏、以及采场底面等泄漏的温室气体,分散在露天矿的各处,可视为面源 | CH4和CO2 | 两个层级方法:全球平均排放因子法(T1)和国家或煤田特征排放因子法(T2) | 表土深度<25 m,缺省因子0.3 m3/t 50 m≥表土深度≥25 m,缺省因子1.2 m3/t 表土深度>50 m,缺省因子2.0 m3/t 如缺少表土深度数据,推荐采用1.2 m3/t |
矿后 活动 | 煤炭开采后的加工、存储和运输过程逃逸的温室气体 | CH4和CO2 | 两个层级方法:全球平均排放因子法(T1)和国家或煤田特征排放因子法(T2) | 表土深度<25 m,缺省因子0 m3/t 50 m≥表土深度≥25 m,缺省因子0.1 m3/t 表土深度>50 m,缺省因子0.2 m3/t 如缺少表土深度数据,推荐采用0.1 m3/t |
注:未提供CO2排放的计算方法和缺省排放因子;CH4密度取20℃、1个大气压下的0.67 kg/m3。 |
表2 主要产煤大国煤炭开采和矿后活动各环节CH4逃逸排放计算方法Table 2 Calculation methods for CH4 fugitive emissions from coal mining and post-mining activities in major coal-producing countries |
井工煤矿 | 露天煤矿 | 遵循的指南 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
开采 | 矿后 | 废弃 | 开采 | 矿后 | ||||
附件I国家 | 美国 | T3 | T2 | T3 | T2 | T2 | 《IPCC 2006指南》 | |
澳大利亚 | T3 | T2 | T2/T3 | T2/T3 | IE | |||
俄罗斯 | T2 | T2 | NO | T2 | T1 | |||
德国 | T3 | T2 | T3 | T2 | NO | |||
波兰 | T3 | T1 | T1 | T1 | T1 | |||
非附件I国家 | 印度 | T2/T3 | T2 | NE | T2/T3 | T2 | 《IPCC 2006指南》 | |
印度尼西亚 | NO | NO | NO | T1 | NE | |||
南非 | T2 | T2 | NE | T2 | T2 | |||
哈萨克斯坦 | T2/T3 | 《IPCC好的做法指南2000》 |
注:“IE”表示计算在其他排放源,如澳大利亚露天煤矿的矿后活动计算在露天开采环节;“NO”表示没有发生排放,如俄罗斯的废弃矿井全部水淹,德国露天煤矿全部用于坑口电厂;“NE”表示该环节存在排放,由于数据无法获得等原因没有计算。 |
表3 主要产煤大国煤炭开采和矿后活动各环节CH4国别隐含排放因子Table 3 CH4 implied emission factors of coal mining and post-mining activities in major coal-producing countries (m3/t) |
国家或地区 | 井工煤矿 | 露天煤矿 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
开采 | 矿后 | 废弃 | 开采 | 矿后 | |||
附件I国家 | 美国 | 14.91 | 1.25 | 2.48 | 0.94 | 0.21 | |
澳大利亚 | 8.33 | 0.54 | 0.18 | 0.73 | — | ||
俄罗斯 | 17.94 | 2.96 | — | 5.54 | 0.19 | ||
德国 | 35.76 | 0.87 | 0.28 | 0.01 | — | ||
波兰 | 11.12 | — | — | — | — | ||
非附件I国家 | 印度 | 4.92 | 1.21 | — | 1.18 | 0.15 | |
印度尼西亚 | — | — | — | — | — | ||
南非 | 0.77 | 0.18 | — | 0 | 0 | ||
IPCC 2006缺省值 | 10~25 | 0.9~4 | 0.3~2 | 0~0.2 |
注:“—”表示该排放环节未计算或采用的为缺省排放因子。 |
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