中国人造板行业的生命周期碳足迹和能源耗用评估
作者简介:王珊珊,女,江苏徐州人,博士研究生,助理研究员,主要研究方向为气候变化与林产品碳足迹。E-mail: wssnjfu@outlook.com
收稿日期: 2018-05-16
要求修回日期: 2018-11-27
网络出版日期: 2019-03-20
基金资助
江苏省“333高层次人才工程”科研项目(BRA2018070); 国家社会科学基金重点项目(14AJY014); 江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(KYCX18_0974)
Carbon footprint and energy consumption based on life cycle assessment of wood-based panel industry in China
Received date: 2018-05-16
Request revised date: 2018-11-27
Online published: 2019-03-20
Copyright
降低温室气体排放是应对气候变化的重要措施,基于生命周期分析的碳足迹评估被广泛应用于量化产品的温室气体排放。在减排承诺背景下,林业部门在应对气候变化中具有重要贡献。中国作为世界最大的人造板生产和出口国,人造板行业的碳足迹和能源耗用问题,是评价林业产业环境影响的重要领域。本文依据ISO 14067标准,测度了中国胶合板、纤维板和刨花板行业“从摇篮到大门”系统界限的碳足迹,通过对比国内外人造板行业的能源耗用,评估了中国人造板行业的节能潜力,结合量化改进方案的减排效果,提出了人造板行业减排和市场结构改善的建议措施。研究发现:①中国现有人造板行业的碳足迹结构中,纤维板最大(708.74 kg CO2e),胶合板最小(312.08 kg CO2e),刨花板居中(410.79 kg CO2e)。其中原材料获取对碳足迹贡献最大,化工材料如脲醛树脂胶的生产和使用是最主要的温室气体排放源;②对标国际标准和技术进步要求,中国人造板行业的能源耗用可减少13.27%~47.99%;③用木质燃料替代化石能源,对人造板行业的温室气体减排可实现11.53%~42.30%的提升空间。
王珊珊 , 张寒 , 杨红强 . 中国人造板行业的生命周期碳足迹和能源耗用评估[J]. 资源科学, 2019 , 41(3) : 521 -531 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2019.03.10
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) is an important measure to cope with climate change. Carbon footprint (CF) analysis is widely used to quantify greenhouse gas emissions of a product during its life cycle. Given that China has committed to decreasing its carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the forestry sector has to make important contributions in this effort to mitigate climate change. China has become the largest wood-based panel producer and exporter worldwide. As the pillar of the forestry industry, evaluating carbon footprint and energy consumption of the wood-based panel industry is a vital part of environmental analysis of the forestry industry. Based on the ISO 14067 standard, this study quantified the carbon footprint of plywood, fiberboard and particleboard in China using a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment approach. This study also evaluated the energy-saving potential of the wood-based panel industry in China by comparing the energy consumption in China and internationally. Finally, combined with the quantitative reduction effect of the improvement scheme, suggestions for reducing emissions and optimizing the market structure of the wood-based panel industry were provided. The results of this study show that fiberboard manufacturing produced the largest contributions to the emissions of greenhouse gases (708.74 kg CO2e), followed by particleboard (410.79 kg CO2e) and plywood (312.08 kg CO2e). During the life cycle, the raw material acquisition subsystem had the greatest impact on carbon footprint. The production and use of chemicals such as the urea-formaldehyde resin were the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions. The energy consumption of China’s wood-based panel industry was higher than the requirements of international standards and could be reduced by 13.27%~47.99%. China’s wood-based panel industry could potentially contribute to climate change mitigation in the future. In particular, as a substitute for fossil energy, using wood fuels could reduce the emission of greenhouse gases by 11.53%~42.30%.
Figure 1 System boundary of the present study based on cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment图1 本项研究的系统边界:基于“从摇篮到大门”的生命周期评估 |
Table 1 Sources of activity data and emission factor for quantifying carbon footprint表1 所需活动数据及排放因子的数据源 |
生命周期系统 | 活动数据数据来源 | 排放因子数据来源 |
---|---|---|
原材料获取 | ||
木质原材料 | 陈莎等(2014)[19] | González-García等(2009)[46] |
脲醛树脂胶 | 胶合板:企业调研 纤维板/刨花板:时兰翠(2012)[42] | 张运明(2013)[47] |
面粉 | 张雄智等(2018)[48] | |
原材料运输 | ||
运输距离 | 木质原材料:钱小瑜(2009)[43] 附属原材料: 木质废料:张方文(2017)[44] 其余材料:国家统计局(2017)[45] | CLCD(2010)[49] |
能源耗用 | ||
现场生产 | ||
能源耗用 | 胶合板:企业调研 纤维板/刨花板:时兰翠(2012)[42] | 国家林业局(2012)[50] |
Table 2 Input-output inventory for the production of 1 m3 of wood-based panel表2 1 m3人造板现场生产投入产出清单 |
人造板 | 胶合板 | 纤维板 | 刨花板 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
投入 | 名称 | 用量 | 名称 | 用量 | 名称 | 用量 |
原料 | 原木 | 615.00 kg | 木质原材料 | 892.30 kg | 木质原材料 | 800.00 kg |
脲醛树脂胶 | 25.00 kg | 脲醛树脂胶 | 110.00 kg | 脲醛树脂胶 | 68.00 kg | |
面粉 | 7.50 kg | 石蜡 | 9.50 kg | 石蜡 | 6.33 kg | |
胶膜纸 | 1.50 kg | 氯化铵 | 3.80 kg | 氯化铵 | 1.10 kg | |
能源 | 电力 | 2.75 kWh | 电力 | 755.83 kWh | 电力 | 339.44 kWh |
蒸汽 | 400.00 kg | 木质废料 | 245.50 kg | 蒸汽 | 124.00 kg | |
燃煤 | 51.98 kg | 压缩空气 | 64.62 m3 | |||
压缩空气 | 88.83 m3 | |||||
产出 | 胶合板(680.00 kg/m3) | 纤维板(750.00 kg/m3) | 刨花板(700.00 kg/m3) |
注:木质废料热能为9.77 MJ/kg。 |
Figure 2 Cradle-to-gate life cycle carbon footprint of wood-based panels图2 人造板“从摇篮到大门”生命周期的碳足迹 |
Table 3 Proportion of the carbon footprint for plywood, fiberboard and particleboard in different life cycle stages表3 胶合板、纤维板和刨花板生命周期各阶段的碳足迹比重 |
生命周期阶段 | 占总碳足迹的百分比/% | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
胶合板 | 纤维板 | 刨花板 | ||
原材料 获取 | 木质原料 | 29.72 | 11.04 | 17.08 |
脲醛树脂胶 | 19.15 | 37.09 | 39.56 | |
其他原材料 | 2.40 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
原材料运输 | 6.17 | 4.28 | 6.21 | |
现场生产 | 42.57 | 47.59 | 37.15 | |
合计 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
注:胶合板生命周期,胶膜纸生产的碳足迹按取舍原则被略去;纤维板生命周期,石蜡和氯化铵生产的碳足迹按取舍原则被略去;刨花板生命周期,石蜡和氯化铵生产的碳足迹按取舍原则被略去。 |
Table 4 Comparison of energy consumption for on-site manufacturing in China and internationally表4 中国人造板现场生产子系统能源耗用与国外相关板材能源耗用对比 |
板材 | 研究 地区 | 能源耗用/ (MJ/m3) | 数据源 及年份 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
胶合板 | 智利 | 4 944.00 | Meil等(2010)[56] | |
美国 | 东南部 | 4 640.00 | Kaestner(2015)[57] | |
西北部 | 4 340.00 | |||
芬兰 | 4 398.00 | Meil等(2010)[56] | ||
瑞典 | 4 398.00 | |||
加拿大 | 1 935.35 | |||
中国 | 1 515.09 | 本项研究 | ||
纤维板 | 美国 | 10 723.00 | Wilson(2010)[14] | |
日本 | 7 234.44 | Nakano等(2018)[34] | ||
中国 | 6 309.76 | 本项研究 | ||
加拿大 | 6 229.92 | Meil等(2010)[56] | ||
伊朗 | 5 267.74 | Kouchakipenchah等(2016)[58] | ||
智利 | 4 119.00 | Meil等(2010)[56] | ||
北欧 | 3 857.00 | |||
巴西 | 3 281.43 | Piekarski等(2017)[53] | ||
刨花板 | 巴基斯坦 | 5 457.50 | Hussain等(2017)[17] | |
智利 | 4 119.00 | Meil等(2010)[56] | ||
北欧 | 3 857.00 | |||
日本 | 2 943.11 | Nakano等(2018)[34] | ||
加拿大 | 2 940.55 | Meil等(2010)[56] | ||
美国 | 2 299.00 | Wilson(2010)[15] | ||
中国 | 1 764.20 | 本项研究 | ||
巴西 | 1 530.14 | Silva等(2013)[59] |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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