中国能源进口贸易的持续期——基于生存分析法
作者简介:刘宏曼,女,黑龙江哈尔滨人,博士,副教授,研究方向为国际贸易理论与政策。E-mail: liuhm@cau.edu.cn
收稿日期: 2017-09-18
要求修回日期: 2018-03-20
网络出版日期: 2018-07-20
基金资助
国家社会科学基金项目(17BJY225)
The duration of China's energy imports based on survival analysis
Received date: 2017-09-18
Request revised date: 2018-03-20
Online published: 2018-07-20
Copyright
本文基于生存分析法,利用CEPII-BACI数据库1995—2015年HS6分位的进口数据,研究了中国能源进口持续期的基本特征,并在此基础上对贸易持续期的影响因素进行实证分析。研究结果表明:中国能源产品进口持续期较短,均值和中位数分别为2.045年和1年,生存函数表现出负的时间依存性。同时,生存时间存在明显的“门槛效应”,生存时间一旦超过5年则贸易中断的可能性较小,因此应当注意针对贸易初期提供更多的政策支持。对于不同的产品类别和进口来源地区,能源产品进口持续期呈现一定的差异性,贸易政策的制定应该因地制宜。在贸易持续期的诸多影响因素中,双边距离、是否接壤等传统引力变量和政治环境、政治冲突等国家层面因素对进口持续期的影响显著,贸易历史、贸易段长度、产品单价、市场份额、初始额度等产品层面因素也对进口持续期产生显著影响,并且实证结果具有稳健性。最后,提出了加强基础设施建设、维护贸易关系、寻求长期稳定的贸易伙伴、参与全球能源治理等稳定能源供给的政策建议。
刘宏曼 , 李星晨 . 中国能源进口贸易的持续期——基于生存分析法[J]. 资源科学, 2018 , 40(7) : 1438 -1449 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2018.07.12
Based on HS 6-digit data from the CEPII-BACI dataset from 1995 to 2015, the survival analysis method was used to study the basic characteristics of China’s energy import duration and factors affecting trade duration. The results showed that China's energy import duration was short, with a mean of 2.05 years and median of 1 year. There was negative duration dependence, but if a spell was able to survive more than 5 years it would face a very small probability of failure. Attention should be paid to providing more policy support during the early stages of trade. There were some differences in China’s energy import duration for different product categories and regions, so trade policy should be adapted to local conditions. Among influencing factors, traditional gravity variables such as distance and contiguity had significant negative and positive effects on China's energy import duration respectively. National level factors such as polity score and political conflict both had significant positive influences on import duration. Product level factors such as history, spell length, market share and initial value all had significant positive effects on import duration, but unit value had a negative effect on the import duration. We used different methods and samples so the results are robust and stable. In order to stabilize China's energy import, we propose policy suggestions that strength infrastructure construction, maintain trade relations, identify political risks, seek long-term and stable trade partners, and actively participate in global energy governance and cooperation.
Key words: energy imports; trade duration; survival analysis; discrete choice model
Table 1 Regional classification and characteristics of sample countries表1 样本国家的地区分类和特点 |
| 地区 | 国家范围 | 特点 |
|---|---|---|
| 中东和非洲 | 阿尔及利亚、安哥拉、巴林、刚果、埃及、赤道几内亚、苏丹、加蓬、伊朗、伊拉克、科威特、利比亚、尼日利亚、阿曼、卡塔尔、沙特阿拉伯、南非、阿联酋、也门 | 最重要的石油产区,运输主要依靠通过马六甲海峡的海上路线,中国历来注重发展与非洲国家的战略关系,和其中的海湾国家也保持了良好的贸易合作 |
| 欧洲及欧亚大陆 | 哈萨克斯坦、土库曼斯坦、俄罗斯、挪威、荷兰、蒙古 | 主要的天然气进口来源地,产品主要依靠陆路运输并且近年来建设了大量油气运输管道 |
| 亚太地区 | 澳大利亚、朝鲜 、印度尼西亚、日本、马来西亚、韩国、新加坡、泰国、越南 | 主要的煤炭产区,产品的运输最为便利,和中国的经贸合作最为活跃 |
| 美洲地区 | 阿根廷、巴西、厄瓜多尔、加拿大、哥伦比亚、美国、委内瑞拉 | 重要的石油产区,其地理位置最为独立,这一地区与中国的贸易联系也较为紧密 |
Table 2 The meaning and expected symbol of variables表2 解释变量的含义和预期符号 |
| 国家层面的解释变量 | 产品层面的解释变量 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 变量名 | 含义 | 预期符号 | 变量名 | 含义 | 预期符号 | |
| Dist | 双边地理距离 | + | UV | 产品单价 | + | |
| Contig | 是否接壤 | - | IV | 贸易初始额 | - | |
| GDP_Mul | 双边GDP乘积 | - | History | 此前是否有贸易段 | - | |
| FTA | 是否FTA成员 | - | Length | 当前贸易段的长度 | - | |
| Polity | 政体指数得分 | - | TE | 细分产品总出口额 | - | |
| Conflict | 国内外政治冲突 | - | TI | 细分产品中国总进口额 | - | |
| Share | 市场份额 | - | ||||
| CNum | 出口国家数 | - | ||||
注:根据本文的模型设定,预期符号为“+”,则意味着该变量的增大提高了贸易段中断的概率,也就不利于贸易段的持续;同理,如果预期符号为“-”,则意味着该变量的增大降低了贸易段中断的概率,也就有利于贸易段的持续。 |
Figure 1 The survival function of all samples图1 全部样本的生存函数 |
Table 3 The distribution of China’s energy import duration表3 能源进口贸易持续期的分布 |
| 时间 | 生存率 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 样本 | 观测值数 | 贸易段数 | 平均数 | 中位数 | 1年 | 5年 | 10年 | |
| 样本总体 | 4 007 | 1 013 | 2.045 | 1 | 0.396 | 0.060 | 0.015 | |
| 分产品 | ||||||||
| 煤 | 713 | 206 | 1.777 | 1 | 0.315 | 0.039 | 0.005 | |
| 石油 | 2 329 | 530 | 2.134 | 1 | 0.406 | 0.070 | 0.017 | |
| 天然气 | 965 | 277 | 2.076 | 2 | 0.437 | 0.058 | 0.018 | |
| 分地区 | ||||||||
| 中东及非洲 | 1 148 | 299 | 2.084 | 1 | 0.418 | 0.067 | 0.013 | |
| 欧洲及欧亚大陆 | 615 | 165 | 1.976 | 1 | 0.363 | 0.055 | 0.012 | |
| 亚太地区 | 1 510 | 384 | 2.099 | 1 | 0.393 | 0.063 | 0.016 | |
| 美洲地区 | 734 | 165 | 1.921 | 1 | 0.394 | 0.049 | 0.018 | |
Figure 2 The survival function by products图2 分产品的生存函数 |
Figure 3 The survival function by regions图3 分地区的生存函数 |
Table 4 Regression results of the factors influencing energy import duration表4 能源进口持续时间影响因素的估计结果 |
| 变量 | 回归系数 | 边际效应 | 几率比 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dist | 0.415*** | 0.062*** | 1.514*** |
| (0.130) | (0.019) | (0.197) | |
| Contig | -0.497* | -0.074* | 0.609* |
| (0.260) | (0.038) | (0.158) | |
| GDP_Mul | -0.018 | -0.003 | 0.983 |
| (0.049) | (0.007) | (0.048) | |
| FTA | 0.350* | 0.052* | 1.419* |
| (0.195) | (0.029) | (0.276) | |
| Polity | -0.034** | -0.005** | 0.967** |
| (0.014) | (0.002) | (0.013) | |
| Conflict | -0.044* | -0.007* | 0.957* |
| (0.025) | (0.004) | (0.024) | |
| History | -0.358*** | -0.053*** | 0.699*** |
| (0.128) | (0.019) | (0.089) | |
| Length | -0.234*** | -0.035*** | 0.792*** |
| (0.030) | (0.004) | (0.023) | |
| UV | 0.112*** | 0.017*** | 1.118*** |
| (0.036) | (0.005) | (0.040) | |
| IV | -0.056** | -0.008** | 0.946** |
| (0.024) | (0.004) | (0.023) | |
| TI | -0.054** | -0.008** | 0.948** |
| (0.022) | (0.003) | (0.021) | |
| TE | -0.074*** | -0.011*** | 0.928*** |
| (0.029) | (0.004) | (0.027) | |
| Share | -1.154*** | -0.171*** | 0.315*** |
| (0.235) | (0.034) | (0.074) | |
| CNum | -0.628*** | -0.093*** | 0.534*** |
REGION PRODUCT YEAR | (0.090) Yes Yes Yes | (0.013) Yes Yes Yes | (0.048) Yes Yes Yes |
| N | 3 535 | 3 535 | 3 535 |
| ρ | 0.103 | 0.103 | 0.103 |
注:***、**、*分别表示参数的估计值在1%、5%、10%的统计水平上显著;括号内数值为标准差。 |
Table 5 Robustness test表5 稳健性检验 |
| 变量 | 不同样本相同Logit模型 | 相同样本Probit模型 | 相同样本Cloglog模型 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 系数 | 边际效应 | 几率比 | 系数 | 边际效应 | 系数 | 边际效应 | |||
| Dist | 0.464*** | 0.049*** | 1.591*** | 0.249*** | 0.064*** | 0.264*** | 0.050*** | ||
| (0.125) | (0.013) | (0.199) | (0.079) | (0.020) | (0.095) | (0.018) | |||
| Contig | -0.564** | -0.060** | 0.569** | -0.314** | -0.080** | -0.345* | -0.065* | ||
| (0.243) | (0.026) | (0.138) | (0.158) | (0.040) | (0.191) | (0.036) | |||
| GDP_Mul | -0.034 | -0.004 | 0.967 | -0.012 | -0.003 | -0.006 | -0.001 | ||
| (0.045) | (0.005) | (0.043) | (0.030) | (0.008) | (0.036) | (0.007) | |||
| FTA | 0.673*** | 0.072*** | 1.960*** | 0.208* | 0.053* | 0.274* | 0.052* | ||
| (0.178) | (0.019) | (0.349) | (0.115) | (0.029) | (0.145) | (0.027) | |||
| Polity | -0.019 | -0.002 | 0.981 | -0.021** | -0.005** | -0.027*** | -0.005*** | ||
| (0.012) | (0.001) | (0.012) | (0.008) | (0.002) | (0.010) | (0.002) | |||
| Conflict | -0.113*** | -0.012*** | 0.893*** | -0.027* | -0.007* | -0.031 | -0.006 | ||
| (0.034) | (0.004) | (0.030) | (0.015) | (0.004) | (0.019) | (0.004) | |||
| History | -0.332*** | -0.035*** | 0.717*** | -0.227*** | -0.058*** | -0.257*** | -0.049*** | ||
| (0.124) | (0.013) | (0.089) | (0.076) | (0.019) | (0.093) | (0.017) | |||
| Length | -0.214*** | -0.023*** | 0.807*** | -0.114*** | -0.029*** | -0.228*** | -0.043*** | ||
| (0.021) | (0.002) | (0.017) | (0.015) | (0.004) | (0.025) | (0.005) | |||
| UV | 0.074** | 0.008** | 1.077** | 0.067*** | 0.017*** | 0.081*** | 0.015*** | ||
| (0.034) | (0.004) | (0.036) | (0.022) | (0.005) | (0.026) | (0.005) | |||
| IV | -0.078*** | -0.008*** | 0.925*** | -0.032** | -0.008** | -0.042** | -0.008** | ||
| (0.022) | (0.002) | (0.020) | (0.014) | (0.004) | (0.018) | (0.003) | |||
| TI | -0.041** | -0.004** | 0.959** | -0.032** | -0.008** | -0.038** | -0.007** | ||
| (0.021) | (0.002) | (0.020) | (0.013) | (0.003) | (0.015) | (0.003) | |||
| TE | -0.114*** | -0.012*** | 0.892*** | -0.049*** | -0.012*** | -0.049** | -0.009** | ||
| (0.026) | (0.003) | (0.024) | (0.017) | (0.004) | (0.021) | (0.004) | |||
| Share | -1.426*** | -0.152*** | 0.240*** | -0.719*** | -0.184*** | -0.782*** | -0.148*** | ||
| (0.211) | (0.022) | (0.051) | (0.137) | (0.035) | (0.170) | (0.032) | |||
| CNum | -0.711*** | -0.076*** | 0.491*** | -0.382*** | -0.098*** | -0.431*** | -0.082*** | ||
| (0.079) | (0.008) | (0.039) | (0.053) | (0.013) | (0.065) | (0.012) | |||
| REGION | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| PRODUCT | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| YEAR | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| N | 5920 | 5920 | 5920 | 3535 | 3535 | 3535 | 3535 | ||
| ρ | 0.111 | 0.111 | 0.111 | 0.142 | 0.142 | 0.085 | 0.085 | ||
注:***、**、*分别表示参数的估计值在 1% 、5% 、10% 的统计水平上显著;括号内数值为标准差。 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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