美国征收铝产品关税的潜在影响及对策
作者简介:王婉君,女,河南开封人,博士生,主要从事社会经济系统的物质与元素代谢及全球贸易网络研究。E-mail:wjwang@iue.ac.cn
收稿日期: 2018-04-12
要求修回日期: 2018-06-27
网络出版日期: 2018-07-20
基金资助
国家自然科学基金面上项目(41671523)
中科院“率先行动百人计划”资助项目
The potential impact of U. S. tariffs on aluminium products and its countermeasures
Received date: 2018-04-12
Request revised date: 2018-06-27
Online published: 2018-07-20
Copyright
2018年初,美国发布了对8种进口铝产品征收10%的从价税的公告,给世界各国特别是中国的铝工业带来诸多潜在影响。本文以该公告中涉及的铝产品为研究对象,分析了美国铝产品的贸易格局,考察了美国征收铝关税的潜在影响,并提出中国的若干应对策略。研究显示:① 造成美国铝贸易逆差的关键产品是能耗和环境负荷高但附加值低的未锻轧铝(铝锭),而在其他7种附加值较高的铝产品中,美国的合计贸易额处于顺差状态,这是由美国自身的产业结构造成的。将造成美国铝产品贸易逆差的责任推给中国及其他国家的做法是荒谬和不负责任的;② 美国征收铝产品关税的真正目的可能是通过缩减进口量来加强国内高附加值铝产品的生产经营能力。存在贸易逆差的铝箔、铝丝和其他铝产品,以及贸易量较大的铝板带对美出口难度将会越来越大;③ 短期看,中国生产铝箔、铝丝、其他铝产品和铝板带的企业将面临较大困难;长期看,铝关税可能仅仅是美国贸易保护政策的开始,中国政府和企业必须做好打持久战的准备。近期,中国应采取有针对性的贸易报复措施,联合其他国家和在此次关税变化中可能受到较大负面影响的美国国内相关产业共同对特朗普政府施压。长期,中国要继续加强产品研发和自主创新能力,加快弥补产业链和技术短板,提高应对国际形势影响中国经济发展的能力。
王婉君 , 陈伟强 , 汤林彬 , 熊慧 , 刘刚 , 石磊 . 美国征收铝产品关税的潜在影响及对策[J]. 资源科学, 2018 , 40(7) : 1319 -1332 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2018.07.01
In the early 2018, the Trump government announced a 10% levy on eight aluminum products, which will result in significant impacts on many counties, especially China. This paper analyzed the U. S. trade of aluminum products and the potential impacts of this tariff policy, and further attempted to propose several strategies for China. The study demonstrates that: (1) Unwrought aluminum (which is energy and emissions intensive and low value-added) is the main product resulting in the trade deficit in the United States aluminum industry. However, U. S. has trade surplus in the total trade of the other seven aluminum products. It is thus the production capacity of the United States itself rather than that of China that resulted in U. S. trade deficit of aluminum products. It would be absurd and irresponsible to push China and other countries to blame for the trade deficit with the US aluminium product. (2) The real purpose of Trump’s aluminum tariff is probably to improve the production capacity and to impose trade protection of high value-added aluminum products, such as aluminum foil, aluminum wire, other aluminum products and aluminum plate and strip. (3) In the short term, Chinese enterprises that produce aluminum foil, aluminum wire, other aluminum products, and aluminum plate, strip, and foil will face great difficulties. In the long term, Aluminum tariffs may just be the beginning of the U. S. trade protection policy. The Chinese government and enterprises should prepare for a probably long trade conflict. In the short time, trade retaliation measures should be taken, and it is necessary to develop collaboration with countries, international organizations, and industries in the U. S. that may suffer losses from the Trump’s tariff policy. In the long run, Chinese aluminum industry should strengthen its product development capacity and its independent innovation ability, as well as to enhance its industrial chain and technology so as to reduce the potential negative influence of the changing international trade policies and situation.
Figure 1 The whole life cycle of aluminum in an socioeconomic system图1 铝在社会经济系统中的全生命周期流动过程 |
Table 1 Aluminum product catalog in the international trade表1 国际贸易中的含铝产品目录[7] |
| 海关编码(H0) | 产品名称 | 海关编码(H0) | 产品名称 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 26章 | 7614 | 非绝缘的铝制绞股线、缆、编带及类似品 | |
| 260600 | 铝矿砂及其精矿 | 7615 | 家用铝器具及其零件等;铝制卫生器具及零件 |
| 262040 | 含铝矿灰及残渣 | 7616 | 其他铝制品 |
| 28章 | 82章 | 贱金属工具、器具、利口器、餐匙、餐叉及其零件 | |
| 281820 | 氧化铝 | 83章 | 贱金属杂项制品 |
| 281830 | 氢氧化铝 | 84章 | 核反应堆、锅炉、机器、机械器具及其零件 |
| 76章 | 85章 | 电机、电气设备及其零件;录音机及放声机、电视图像、声音的录制和重放设备及其零件、附件 | |
| 7601 | 未锻轧铝 | 86章 | 铁道及电车道机车、车辆及其零件;铁道及电车道轨道固定装置及其零件、附件;各种机械(包括电动机械)交通信号设备 |
| 7602 | 铝废碎料 | 87章 | 车辆及其零件、附件,但铁道及电车道车辆除外 |
| 7603 | 铝粉及片状粉末 | 88章 | 航空器、航天器及其零件 |
| 7604 | 铝条、杆、型材及异型材 | 89章 | 船舶及浮动结构体 |
| 7605 | 铝丝 | 90章 | 光学、照相、电影、计量、检验、医疗或外科用仪器及设备、精密仪器及设备;上述物品的零件、附件 |
| 7606 | 铝板、片及带 | 91章 | 钟表及其零件 |
| 7607 | 铝箔 | 92章 | 乐器及其零件、附件 |
| 7608 | 铝管 | 93章 | 武器、弹药及其零件、附件 |
| 7609 | 铝制管子附件 | 94章 | 家具;寝具,褥垫、弹簧床垫、软坐垫及类似的填充制品;未列明灯具及照明装置;发光标志、发光铭牌及类似物;活动房屋 |
| 7610 | 铝制结构体及其部件和其所用的已加工铝材 | 95章 | 玩具、游戏品、运动用品及其零件、附件 |
| 7611 | 铝制槽、罐、桶等容器,容积超过300升 | 96章 | 杂项制品 |
| 7612 | 铝制槽、罐、桶等容器,容积不超过300升 | 97章 | 艺术品、收藏品及古物 |
| 7613 | 装压缩气体或液化气体用的铝制容器 |
Figure 2 U.S. trade (monetary value) of aluminum products from 2012 to 2016图2 2012—2016年美国铝产品进出口贸易额 |
Figure 3 U.S. trade (monetary value) of individual aluminum products in 2016图3 2016年分单品美国铝产品进出口贸易额 |
Figure 4 U.S. average import and export price of individual aluminum products in 2016图4 2016年美国8种铝产品的平均进出口价格 |
Figure 5 The main countries exporting aluminum to the United States in 2016图5 2016年美国铝产品主要进口来源地 |
Figure 6 Trade of individual aluminum products from major sourcing countries图6 主要进口来源国分产品贸易情况 |
Figure 7 U.S. import of individual aluminum products from China from Jan. 2017 to Jan. 2018图7 2017年1月—2018年1月中国铝产品对美出口额 |
Table 2 Production, consumption and imports of aluminum products in the United States in 2016 (万t)表2 2016年美国铝产品生产、消费及进口情况 |
| 美国产能 | 表观消费量 | 产能-消费差额 | 已豁免的贸易量 | 供给缺口 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 未锻轧铝 | 174.0 | 416.1 | -242.1 | 153.0 | -89.2 |
| 铝条杆型材 | 183.5 | 222.0 | -38.5 | 6.0 | -32.5 |
| 铝丝 | 44.5 | 90.8 | -46.3 | 4.5 | -41.8 |
| 铝板带和铝箔 | 473.5 | 416.1 | 57.4 | 58.7 | 116.1 |
| 铝管 | 43.4 | 102.0 | -58.6 | 1.1 | -57.5 |
| 铝制管子附件 | - | - | - | 0.3 | - |
| 其他铝产品 | - | - | - | 7.9 | - |
Figure 8 Aluminum flows in U.S. economic system in 2007图8 2007年金属铝在美国经济系统中的流动情况[14] |
Figure 9 Aluminum flows in U.S. automobile supply chain in 2007图9 2007年美国汽车制造产业链的金属铝流动情况[14] |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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