中国铬资源供应风险评价与对策研究
作者简介: 刘全文,男,陕西安康人,硕士生,主要从事资源产业经济和资源环境经济方面研究。E-mail:liuquanwen318@163.com
收稿日期: 2017-09-01
要求修回日期: 2018-01-30
网络出版日期: 2018-03-10
基金资助
中国地质调查局地质调查项目(DD20160087)
Risk assessment and countermeasures of chromiumresource supply in China
Received date: 2017-09-01
Request revised date: 2018-01-30
Online published: 2018-03-10
Copyright
铬是生产不锈钢的重要原料,作为中国的紧缺矿产,铬资源的供应安全关系到不锈钢产业的稳定发展。对当前中国铬资源供应风险进行评价,识别其在供应安全方面存在的主要风险点及风险程度,有助于提出针对性的风险治理建议。为此,本研究整理了2000—2016年中国和全球的铬储量、产量、消费量、贸易量、价格、回收率及国家风险指数等数据,从资源、市场和政治三个维度选取评价指标,对供应风险进行直观的量化分级评价。供应风险主要体现在资源保障度低、对外依存度高、二次回收水平低、市场话语权较弱、进口集中度高和地缘政治风险大等6个方面。结合风险评价结果,本文提出了相关风险治理建议:推动国内企业到境外投资参股开发矿产资源;加大对含铬废品资源的回收再利用,加强对不锈钢废料的熔解技术研究;国家对铬资源进行必要的储备,稳定市场预期,提高资源保障能力。
刘全文 , 沙景华 , 闫晶晶 , 张国丰 , 范松梅 , 何更宇 . 中国铬资源供应风险评价与对策研究[J]. 资源科学, 2018 , 40(3) : 516 -525 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2018.03.06
Chromium is an important raw material in the production of stainless steel. Given China’s scarce mineral resources, the safety of chromium resource supply has a bearing on the steady development of the stainless steel industry. It is essential to determine the main risks and risk levels when assessing current supply risks of chromium resources in China. Here, we selected appropriate indicators from three the aspects of resource, market and politics and collected data on reserves, production, consumption, international trade, price, rate of recovery and World Governance Index from 2000 to 2016. We introduce the pattern of quantitative classified evaluation to assess supply risks using the method of multi index comprehensive evaluation. We found that the supply risks mainly include serious shortage of China’s chromium resources, increasing degree of dependence on foreign trade, low rates of recovery, weak market power, a high import concentration and great geostrategic risk. Enterprises should be promoted to invest and develop overseas resources as a high priority. It is necessary to increase the rate of recovery of chromium waste materials and strengthen the melting technology of stainless steel scraps. The central government should establish a reserve system of chromium resources to stabilize market expectations and improve the support capacity of chromium resources.
Key words: chromium resources; supply risk; risk assessment; risk governance
Table 1 Assessment indicators of chromium resources supply risks in China表1 中国铬资源供应风险评价指标 |
| 影响因素 | 指标名称及单位 | 指标解释 | 计算公式 | 变量说明 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 资源因素 | 资源保障度/年 | 查明资源储量与消费量比值。反映了在外界资源供应中断情况下,国内资源的可支撑程度 | :查明资源储量 :铬铁矿表观消费量 | |
| 对外依存度/% | 净进口量与消费量的比值。反映了对国外资源的依赖程度 | :铬资源净进口量 | ||
| 二次回收水平/% | 二次回收铬资源量在铬消费量中所占的比重。二次回收水平越高,铬资源供应就越多 | :二次回收铬资源量 :铬资源消费量 | ||
| 市场因素 | 价格波动/% | 价格波动率的绝对值。反映了市场供需均衡情况,价格波动越大,供应越不稳定 | :第t年均价 :第(t-1)年均价 | |
| 市场集中度(HHI) | 全球铬铁矿生产企业的HHI指数。反映了生产厂商的议价能力和话语权 | :各生产企业市场份额(用生产国生产份额近似代替) | ||
| 政治因素 | 地缘政治风险 | 用各进口来源国进口份额的平方与国家风险指数的乘积之和表示。反映进口来源的集中程度和国家风险水平 | :进口份额 :国家风险指数 |
注:HHI指数即赫芬达尔—赫希曼指数,将产业中所有厂商市场份额的平方加总求和即可得到HHI指数,常用的衡量市场集中的程度,HHI指数越大,市场集中度也就越高。 |
Figure 3 The average price of imported chromium resources and its price fluctuation in China from 2000 to 2015图3 2000—2015年中国铬资源进口均价及价格波动率 数据来源:联合国商品贸易统计数据库[25] |
Table 2 The comparison of geostrategic risks of chromite source of imports between 2005 and 2015表2 2005年与2015年铬铁矿进口来源国地缘政治风险对比 |
| 2005年 | 2015年 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 进口来源国 | 进口份额 /% | HHI 指数 | 国家风险 指数 | 地缘政治 风险 | 进口来源国 | 进口份额 /% | HHI 指数 | 国家风险 指数 | 地缘政治 风险 |
| 印度 | 32.2 | — | 5.39 | 0.56 | 南非 | 72.9 | — | 4.65 | 2.47 |
| 土耳其 | 20.5 | — | 5.02 | 0.21 | 土耳其 | 10.0 | — | 5.42 | 0.05 |
| 南非 | 10.9 | — | 4.18 | 0.05 | 阿尔巴尼亚 | 4.7 | — | 5.02 | 0.01 |
| … | … | — | … | … | … | … | — | … | … |
| 总计 | 100 | 1 734 | — | 0.90 | 总计 | 100 | 5 468 | — | 2.56 |
Table 3 The summary table of the division of the risk states表3 风险状态划分标准汇总表 |
| 风险类型 | 宽松 | 中等 | 紧张 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 资源保障度/年 | >10 | 5(含)~10(含) | <5 |
| 对外依存度/% | <40 | 40(含)~70(含) | >70 |
| 二次回收水平/% | >60 | 30(含)~60(含) | <30 |
| 价格波动/% | <15 | 15(含)~30(含) | >30 |
| 市场集中度(HHI指数) | <1 500 | 1 500(含)~2 500(含) | >2 500 |
| 地缘政治风险(铬铁矿) | <1.00 | 1.00(含)~2.00(含) | >2.00 |
| 地缘政治风险(高碳铬铁) | <2.00 | 2.00(含)~2.50(含) | >2.50 |
Figure 5 The radar chart of the supply risk assessment on chromium resources in China图5 中国铬资源供应风险总体评价雷达图 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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