西南丘陵区高标准基本农田建设适宜性评价与选址——以重庆市垫江县为例

doi:10.18402/resci.2018.02.08

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

建设高标准基本农田是保证中国粮食安全的重要举措,具有重要现实意义。选取重庆市垫江县为研究区,结合农用地质量分等、土地利用变更等多元数据,利用生态位（Niche）、局部莫兰指数（Local Moran’s I）、多元约束（Multi-constraints）方法进行高标准基本农田建设适宜性评价与区位选址,以期为垫江县及类似丘陵地区土地整治工作提供可参考的科学依据。研究表明：①评价指标空间离散性不一,地块连片度、田间道路通达度和地块到居民点距离变异性最强,成为高标准基本农田建设需要适当考虑的关键因子;②区位要素与综合适宜度空间分异明显,自然禀赋、基础设施和社会条件的适宜性表现为西部平坝、北部丘陵和中部河谷地带较高,而南部及“三山”（明月山、南华山和黄草山）地带较低,生态环境的适宜性空间格局反之,高标准基本农田综合适宜性格局亦表现为西部、北部和中部较强而南部较低的态势;③建设选址结果占基本农田的28.76%,同政府实际划定结果相比多出14.48%,说明垫江县高标准基本农田建设条件较好。上述研究表明,基于生态位、空间自相关和多元约束方法,能够较好地指导高标准基本农田建设与选址工作。

关键词: 高标准基本农田, 农田适宜性评价, 选址, 西南丘陵区, 重庆市垫江县

Abstract:

For national grain safety it is necessary to construct high standard basic farmland. Here we chose Dianjiang County in Chongqing as the study area and used farmland quality grade data and land use change data to evaluate construction suitability and construction area using Niche modeling, Local Moran’s I and multiple constraints methods. We found that the discreteness of the location index is diverse, and among them, variation in the contiguous degree of land, accessibility of field road and distance between land and settlements are the most obvious and primary factors in high standard basic farmland. Pattern factors and the comprehensive location are diverse in space. The suitability in west Pingba area, north hilly area and river valley areas are higher, and lower in the southern area and three mountains area. However, the suitability pattern of the ecological environment is contrary. The comprehensive suitability of high quality standard farmland also indicates the pattern, which is stronger in the west, north and middle area. The constructing results field site occupies 28.76%, 14.48% more than government results have indicated. This tells us that the construction of high standard basic farmland in Dianjiang is better than others. To sum up, the method based on Niche, spatial autocorrelation and multi-constraints can support the work of high standard basic farmland.

Key words: high standard basic farmland, suitability assessment of farmland construction, site, southwest hilly area of China, Dianjiang County, Chongqing City

谭少军, 邵景安, 张琳, 李春梅, 蒋佳佳. 西南丘陵区高标准基本农田建设适宜性评价与选址——以重庆市垫江县为例[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(2): 310-325.

Shaojun TAN, Jing′an SHAO, Lin ZHANG, Chunmei LI, Jiajia JIANG. Suitability assessment and sites of high standard basic farmland in the southwest hilly area of China[J]. Resources Science, 2018, 40(2): 310-325.

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统计量	耕地	林地	草地	园地	水体	建设用地	其他用地
面积/hm²	79 442.69	34 134.41	4.42	3 281.71	4 902.58	14 846.03	85.92
比重/%	58.12	24.97	0.01	2.40	3.59	10.86	0.06

一级指标（权重）	二级指标（权重）	选取依据	量化方法	效应
自然禀赋（0.403）	C1平均坡度/°（0.087）	田块平整度	坡度分析-分区统计	-
	C2耕地连片度/m²（0.083）	可耕作潜力	缓冲区分析-融合分析	+
	C3土壤有机质/（mg/kg）（0.076）	土壤肥力	—	+
	C4有效土层厚度/cm（0.082）	耕作难易度	—	+
	C5土壤质地（无量纲）（0.075）	土壤透水性能	—	+
基础设施（0.160）	C6田间道路通达度/m（0.094）	田块通达度	缓冲区分析—叠合分析	-
基础设施（0.160）	C7灌排保证率（无量纲）（0.068）	抗旱涝能力	—	+
社会条件（0.260）	C8到居民点距离/m（0.089）	管理便捷度	Near分析	-
	C9到交通干线距离/m（0.089）	耕作便捷度	缓冲区分析	-
	C10到城镇距离/m（0.082）	受城市扰动度	Near分析	-
生态环境（0.177）	C11生态用地覆盖率/%（0.107）	生态调适能力	叠加分析-统计分析	+
生态环境（0.177）	C12土壤可蚀性k值/(t∙hm²∙h/(hm²∙MJ∙mm))(0.070)	水土保持能力	EPIC模型	-

指标	划分方法	分等定级标准
指标	划分方法	不适宜	基本不适宜	临界适宜	基本适宜	完全适宜
C1平均坡度/°	参照参考文献[40]	(25,90]	(15,25]	(6,15]	(2,6]	[0,2]
C2连片度/m²	参照参考文献[41]	[0,66 700)	[66 700,100 050)	[100 050,133 400)	[133 400,200 100)	[200 100,+∞)
C3土壤有机质/（mg/kg）	参照参考文献[8]	[0,0.6)	[0.6,1.0)	[1.0,1.5)	[1.5,2.0)	[2.0,+∞)
C4有效土层厚度/cm	参照参考文献[8]	[0,25]	(25,45]	(45,60]	(60,75]	(75,+∞)
C5土壤质地	参照参考文献[8]	砾质土	砂土	黏土	中壤土	重壤土
C6田块通达度/m	参照参考文献[8]	[1 000,+∞)	[300,1 000)	[150,300)	[50,150)	[0,50)
C7灌排条件	参照参考文献[8]	完全无条件	基本无条件	一般满足	基本满足	充分满足
C8到居民点距离/m	参照参考文献[8]	[2 000,+∞)	[1 500,2 000)	[1 000,1 500)	[500,1 000)	[0,500)
C9到交通干线距离/m	参照参考文献[8]	[3 000,+∞)	[2 000,3 000)	[1 500,2 000)	[1 000,1 500)	[0,1 000)
C10到城镇距离/m	参照参考文献[8]	[5 000,+∞)	[3 000,5 000)	[1 500,3 000)	[750,1 500)	[0,750)
C11生态用地覆盖率/%	调研经验法	[0,20)	[20,30)	[30,40)	[40,55)	[55,+∞)
C12土壤可蚀性k值/ (t∙hm²∙h/(hm²∙MJ∙mm))	自然断点法	[0.018,+∞)	[0.017,0.018)	[0.016,0.017)	[0.007, 0.016)	[0,0.007)

系统	要素	逻辑判定		系统	要素	逻辑判定
系统	要素	真		系统	假	真	假
地物约束	高速公路和乡村道路	否	是	政策约束	基本农田建设区	是	否
	土壤污染严重区	否	是	政策约束	城乡规划	重点区、优先区和限制区	禁止区
	自然保护区核心区、退耕还林区	否	是	意愿约束	居民意愿度	≥60%	<60%
	河流、湖泊区及其保护范围	否	是	意愿约束	村集体意愿度	≥60%	<60%

指标	归一化结果			指标	归一化结果
指标	平均值		标准差	变异系数	平均值	标准差	变异系数
C1平均坡度/°	0.672	0.147	21.922	C7灌排保证度/（无量纲）	0.357	0.424	118.704
C2连片度/m²	0.314	0.395	125.741	C8到居民点距离/m	0.406	0.439	108.272
C3土壤有机质/（mg/kg）	0.463	0.244	52.693	C9到交通干线距离/m	0.654	0.005	7.819
C4有效土层厚度/cm	0.409	0.157	38.422	C10到城镇距离/m	0.372	0.098	26.315
C5土壤质地/（无量纲）	0.577	0.325	56.399	C11生态用地覆盖率/%	0.461	0.077	16.764
C6田间道路通达度/m	0.518	0.576	111.172	C12土壤可蚀性k值/ （t∙hm²∙h/(hm²∙MJ∙mm)）	0.214	0.249	116.613