渭干河流域生态系统服务的空间溢出及对居民福祉的影响

doi:10.18402/resci.2017.03.15

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生态系统服务的空间流动性对流域居民福祉产生了重大影响。本文基于场强理论和断裂点模型构建了流域生态系统服务空间转移模型,以MA的人类福祉框架为基础建立流域居民福祉评价指标体系,运用格兰杰因果关系检验方法及灰色关联模型,以渭干河流域为例,分析了2000-2010年流域生态系统服务价值空间流转及其对居民福祉的影响。结果表明：①流域生态系统服务存在空间溢出效应。渭干河流域上游向下游的生态系统服务流转强度与距离成反比,溢出价值先下降后波动上升。②渭干河流域居民福祉由基本需求、安全与健康、精神三个层次构成,按重要性排序表现为安全与健康>基本需求>精神需求,并呈现出库车县的福祉水平最高、拜城县其次、沙雅县再次、新和县最低的空间分异特征。③流域生态系统服务空间流转是居民福祉的格兰杰原因,前者对后者产生了较显著的影响,对安全与健康福祉产生的影响最大,上游森林生态系统服务流转与下游居民福祉的耦合度最高,荒漠与居民福祉的耦合度最低。

关键词: 生态系统服务, 空间流转, 居民福祉, 耦合关系, 渭干河流域

Abstract:

The spatial flow of ecosystem services has a great impact on human well-being on-site and off-site,especially in watersheds. Taking the Weigan River basin as an example,an assessment model of ecosystem service overflow was built according to the Theory of Field Strength and Breaking Point model. The ecosystem service overflow from upstream to downstream was calculated from 2000 to 2010. The system of indicators for human well-being was established by considering natural,social and economic conditions as well as data availability for the basin. Granger Causality Test and the Grey Correlation models are introduced to analyze how ecosystem service overflow impacts people. We found that there is a spatial overflow effect of watershed ecosystem services. On the spatial dimension,intensity of ecosystem service overflow from upstream to downstream is inversely proportional to distance. The values of ecosystem service overflow decrease first and then increase. The indicator system of human well-being constituted with three level indicators including basic requirements,safety and health and spiritual needs whose importance can be ranked as safety and health > basic demands > spiritual. The spatial differentiation features of human well-being show that Kuqa is the highest level,Baicheng the second,Shaya the third and Xinhe the lowest. Ecosystem service overflow is the Granger reason of human well-being,which has a great influence on basin human well-being. Ecosystem service overflow has an enormous impact on safety and health in the indicator system. Ecosystem service overflow of forest has the highest coupling degree with human well-being. The coupling degree between the desert and human well-being is the lowest. Effective ways that enhance human well-being of watersheds are to integrate natural resource accounting into the national economic accounting system,compensate for farmland protection and carry out payments for watershed ecological services between upstream and downstream.

Key words: ecosystem service, spatial flow, human well-being, coupling relationship, Weigan River Basin

乔旭宁, 张婷, 杨永菊, 牛海鹏, 杨德刚. 渭干河流域生态系统服务的空间溢出及对居民福祉的影响[J]. 资源科学, 2017, 39(3): 533-544.

Xuning QIAO, Ting ZHANG, Yongju YANG, Haipeng NIU, Degang YANG. Spatial flow of ecosystem services and impacts on human well-being in the Weigan River Basin[J]. Resources Science, 2017, 39(3): 533-544.

图/表 9

图1

表1

表2

表3

居民福祉评价指标体系与权重"

要素层	权重	准则层	权重	指标层	权重	指标性质
基本需求	0.314 5	基本收入	0.166 9	农民年人均纯收入/元	0.008 6	+
				城镇单位从业人员劳动报酬/万元	0.019 8	+
				农业收入/万元	0.015 5	+
				林业收入/万元	0.034 0	+
				牧业收入/万元	0.024 4	+
				人均生产总值(2005年可比价)/万元	0.008 3	+
		基本物质	0.110 1	人均耕地面积/hm²	0.003 8	+
				农作物播种面积/hm²	0.004 5	+
				粮食作物产量/t	0.006 0	+
				畜产品总产肉量/t	0.033 7	+
				禽蛋产量/t	0.042 1	+
				水产品产量/t	0.057 1	+
				道路长度/km	0.018 9	+
				农业机械总动力/kW	0.008 4	+
				人均居住面积/m²	0.005 3	+
				用水普及率/%	0.000 3	+
				用气普及率/%	0.002 5	+
安全与健康需求	0.470 0	安全	0.277 9	周转粮食库存情况/t	0.026 2	+
				年人均粮食拥有量/t	0.004 6	+
				人均日生活用水量/l	0.007 1	+
				全年沙尘暴日数/天	0.089 0	-
				公安机关受理查处治安案件/件	0.020 0	-
				森林覆盖率/%	0.014 5	+
		健康	0.269 1	环境空气质量(二氧化硫排放量)/t	0.151 2	-
				污水处理率/%	0.000 4	+
				污水年排放量/t	0.028 0	-
				污水年处理量/t	0.067 1	+
				床位数/个	0.014 8	+
				卫生技术人员/人	0.014 1	+
精神需求	0.215 5	良好的社会关系	0.065 6	年离婚数/对	0.017 8	-
				婚姻、家庭、继承纠纷数/件	0.096 6	-
				各类纠纷调解数/件	0.034 8	+
				社会办敬老院数/个	0.004 0	+
				社会福利事业单位员工人数/人	0.018 0	+
				社会福利事业人均供养金/元	0.018 2	+
				城镇居民低保人数/人	0.013 5	-
		文化教育	0.110 4	成人高等学校在校生数/人	0.012 0	+
				小升初比例/%	0.0448E-04	+
				小学平均每个教师负担学生数/人	0.001 3	+
				初中平均每个教师负担学生数/人	0.002 5	+
				教育财政支出/万元	0.038 2	+
				图书馆数/个	0.002 6	+
				艺术团送戏下乡数/次	0.010 1	+
				电视覆盖率/%	0.000 1	+

表3

图2

图3

表4

表5

表6

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生态系统服务类型	流转特征	流转范围/km
大气调节	流转中不断衰减	100~10 000
气候调节	面状衰减	10~1 000
灾害预防	线状逐渐衰减	10~100
水文调节	面状和线状逐渐衰减	100
水源供给	线状流转,损失较少	10~100
水土保持	面状逐渐衰减	100
土壤形成	基本不发生流转和衰减	-
养分循环	基本无衰减	1 000
净化水质	面状逐级衰减	10~100
传粉	域内外不规则流转	0.1~100
生物控制	流转中不发生明显的衰减	1 000

生态系统服务功能	森林	草地	农田	湿地	河流	荒漠	总计
食物生产	0.15	0.14	1.00	0.36	0.50	0.02	2.17
原材料生产	1.38	0.12	0.39	0.24	0.33	0.04	2.50
气体调节	2.00	0.50	0.72	2.41	0.48	0.06	6.17
气候调节	1.88	0.52	0.97	13.55	1.94	0.13	18.99
水文调节	1.89	0.51	0.77	13.44	17.64	0.07	34.32
废物处理	0.79	0.44	1.39	14.40	13.96	0.26	31.24
维持生物多样性	2.08	0.62	1.02	3.69	3.22	0.40	11.04
提供美学景观	0.96	0.29	0.17	4.69	4.17	0.24	10.53

原假设	F值	P值	结论
基本收入不是草地的格兰杰原因	5.188	0.013	拒绝
草地不是基本收入的格兰杰原因	0.941	0.404	接受
健康不是草地的格兰杰原因	2.854	0.076	拒绝
草地不是健康的格兰杰原因	2.237	0.127	接受
健康不是河流的格兰杰原因	2.853	0.076	拒绝
河流、湖泊不是健康的格兰杰原因	1.895	0.171	接受
河流、湖泊不是基本收入的格兰杰原因	2.633	0.074	拒绝
基本收入不是河流的格兰杰原因	3.093	0.045	拒绝
荒漠不是健康的格兰杰原因	5.680	0.035	拒绝
健康不是荒漠的格兰杰原因	0.448	0.860	接受
基本收入不是荒漠的格兰杰原因	5.755	0.009	拒绝
荒漠不是基本收入的格兰杰原因	1.497	0.243	接受
健康不是农田的格兰杰原因	2.843	0.076	拒绝
农田不是健康的格兰杰原因	2.251	1.254	接受
基本收入不是农田的格兰杰原因	3.757	0.062	拒绝
农田不是基本收入的格兰杰原因	1.186	0.285	接受
森林不是健康的格兰杰原因	3.256	0.100	拒绝
健康不是森林的格兰杰原因	0.686	0.707	接受
基本收入不是森林的格兰杰原因	3.297	0.036	拒绝
森林不是基本收入的格兰杰原因	1.927	0.153	接受
健康不是湿地的格兰杰原因	2.893	0.073	拒绝
湿地不是健康的格兰杰原因	2.195	0.132	接受
河流不是文化的格兰杰原因	2.287	0.101	拒绝
文化不是河流的格兰杰原因	0.553	0.651	接受
基本收入不是湿地的格兰杰原因	5.391	0.011	拒绝
湿地不是基本收入的格兰杰原因	0.890	0.423	接受

	森林	草地	农田	湿地	河流/湖泊	荒漠	总计
基本需求	0.516	0.510	0.507	0.508	0.511	0.492	0.509
安全与健康	0.583	0.579	0.577	0.578	0.579	0.573	0.578
精神	0.496	0.484	0.479	0.481	0.487	0.460	0.484
总计	0.532	0.524	0.521	0.522	0.526	0.508	0.524

	森林	草地	农田	湿地	河流/湖泊	荒漠	总计
基本需求	0.635	0.645	0.704	0.566	0.524	0.620	0.663
安全与健康	0.647	0.650	0.682	0.595	0.555	0.599	0.663
精神	0.678	0.633	0.725	0.548	0.518	0.593	0.648
总计	0.653	0.643	0.704	0.570	0.532	0.604	0.658