In this paper, a decomposition model based on the extended Kaya identity was established, and impacts from economic scales, population sizes, industrial structures, energy mix and energy efficiency on carbon emission were examined in detail with the LMDI method. The model would provide sound evidence for decision making in energy-saving and emission-reduction polices at a more microcosmic level, such as readjustment of industrial structure, optimization of energy mix and improvement of energy efficiency in various industries. Variations in China’s carbon emission from 1980 to 2007 were studied by using this model, and the mechanism of effects of the action was carefully analyzed and their contributions were quantified as well. Empirical results demonstrated that the economic scale effect, whose contribution ratio reached 152.73%, played a dominant role in increases in China’s carbon emission, following by the energy efficiency effect was -79.93%, the population size effect was 20.20%, the industrial structure effect was 7.78%, and the energy mix effect was -0.77%, respectively. It was concluded that the industrial structural change showed positive effects on carbon emission growth during this period, due primarily to the carbon emissions from the secondary industry, whose yield scale accounted for half of GDP. This situation maintained a long-term increase. The contribution ratio of the secondary industry to carbon emissions offset the negative effects from the primary and tertiary industry. Concerning current policies about energy-saving and emission-reduction, China should focus on regulating industrial structure, optimizing energy mix, and improving energy efficiency. Corresponding policy suggestions were also given as increasing the proportion of the tertiary industry in national economy, placing emphasis on developing non-fossil-fuel resources, increasing the proportion of natural gas in the primary energy consumption by means of technology, policy and law, promoting energy efficiency, especially reducing energy intense in the secondary industry, advocating the concepts of low-carbon consumption and green consumption, and paving the way to sustainable development.

该文应用系统论的观点和方法，对土地利用变化驱动力的整体性、层次性、动态变化和驱动力作用下的土地利用动态进行了深入分析，初步回答了土地利用变化的动力源、驱动力系统内部分力与合力的关系，以及驱动力与土地利用变化之间普遍存在的非线性反馈关系等问题，为土地利用变化动力学研究提供了新的思路。

随着人类对生态系统功能不可替代性的认识愈来愈深刻，生态系统服务功能研究愈来愈受到人们的重视。近年来，这一领域的研究已经取得了令人注目的进展。研究的重点主要集中在采用各种方法对自然资本的边际服务价值进行估计。评估的方法大都直接或间接地基于对生态系统服务的个人偿付意愿进行计量。对全球生态系统服务价值评估的代表是基于全球静态总平衡输入输出模型的评估和基于全球静态部分平衡的评估，中国对区域生态系统服务价值也进行了初步估算。生态系统功能与服务的复杂性、价值的多重认识、市场失效及价格空缺、实证的困难与自然资本总价值得无限至今还制约着生态系统服务价值研究的发展，今后需要研究的领域及发展趋势是：1、不同生态类型的各种服务价值研究；2、生态系统服务空间异质性研究；3、包含非线性及阈值的动态地区模型和全球模型；4、改变账户系统和制定相应政策；5、考虑生态系统服务损失的项目评估；6、大规模的小幅度变化和小规模的大幅度变化边际研究.

城市土地的高效集约化利用是城市可持续发展的客观要求，也是近年来国内外城市土地利用研究热点之一。该文在简要回顾我国城市土地高效集约化利用理念历史发展的基础上，分析了城市土地实施高效集约化利用的迫切性，并对城市土地高效集约化利用的内涵作了初步探讨。同时，采用目标法构建了我国城市土地高效集约化利用的评价指标体系，认为该指标体系由两大主目标、七大子目标和21个具体评价指标共同构成。

该文通过建立物种资源数据库，分析了贺兰山东坡不同高程段中植物物种资源的构成特征，结果表明：1、贺兰山的植物物种多样性有随海拔升高先增加，随后又减少的变化趋势。海拔1400m-2200m是植物物种集中分布的地段，海拔1800m-2000m高程段内的物种丰富最大。2、地理成分多样性(土地整理；耕

The coordinative development between economic growth and environmental conservation is the important precondition for sustainable development of human being. Environment is one of the fundamental factors affecting economic growth, and it is also the carrier of economic growth. The space-time distribution of the coordination degrees in China’s 31 provinces in 1995, 2000, and 2005 has been analyzed empirically based on 18 indicators of economic sub-system and environmental sub-system and through employing models of coordination degrees of economic growth and environment and method of weighted entropy value. The results show that the economic growth and environmental development in most regions are still at a lower level of coordination. The obvious disparities in coordination degrees and interactions between economic growth and environment exist among provinces. There is a spatial corresponding relationship between the regional distribution and the economic development level. It means that the coupling coordination degrees are higher in the provinces with higher level of economic development and the coordination degrees are lower in the provinces with lower levels of economic development. There is no spatial corresponding relationship between regional coupling intensity and coordination degree. To improve the level of coupling coordinative degree between economic growth and environment, some of macro-control measures should be adopted.

Ecological footprint is an important indicator to analyze the sustainable use of natural resources and has been widely used in the assessment on sustainable development worldwide. In this study, we got the data of resources production and consumption, population, and land use from FAO database, China Statistical Yearbook, China Energy Statistical Yearbook and the Ministry of Land and Resources. We calculated the ecological footprint of China during the period from 1978 to 2003 with the method of variable world average yield. The results are as follows: the ecological footprint has grown from 0.873ghm²/cap to 1.547ghm²/cap with the increase rate of 77.2%; the footprint of cropland has decreased 0.051ghm²/cap; the footprint of energy has increased 0.450ghm2/cap; the footprints of fresh water and sea water have increased 0.014ghm2/cap and 0.067ghm²/cap respectively; the footprint of forest land has increased 0.087ghm2/cap; the footprint of grassland has increased 0.104ghm2/cap; and the footprint of hydro has increased 0.005ghm2/cap. We find that the ecological deficit has been more and more serious, which is from 0.371ghm2/cap in 1978 to 0.817ghm2/cap in 2003, through comparing the ecological footprint with the increasing biological capacity of the same period. The cropland was in the state of ecological deficit in 1978(0.058ghm2/cap) and changed into the state of ecological surplus (0.028ghm2/cap) in 2003，while the grassland was also in the state of ecological surplus. The forestland was in a state of ecological surplus (0.007ghm2) and changed into a state of ecological deficit (0.095ghm2/cap); and the ecological deficit became more serious when the fossil energy footprint was taken into consideration. For the inland fishery and ocean fishery, the footprint was similar to the biocapacity, with a little ecological surplus. We analyze the reasons for the changes of ecological footprint, biocapacity and ecological deficit according to the results above and discuss the relationship between ecological footprint, economic development and utilization efficiency of resources. We consider that the land resources will be lacking along with the economic development and rapid urbanization in China. We provide the strategies to resolve the problems, such as increasing the productivity of grassland and forest land, promoting the structure of energy consumption, decreasing the use of fossil energy, increasing the utilization efficiency of resources, controlling the population and changing the economic increasing modes through the analysis of the influencing factors of ecological footprint and ecological deficit.

土地整理是在近年来我国土地资源紧缺性日益突出的形式下，国家为保障食物安全和生态安全而提出的、以提高土地资源有效利用率为目的重要举措，目前已在全国范围开展，并将在今后相当长时期内成为现实国土资源集约利用的主要手段。在此背景下，该文首先探讨了土地整理的概念内涵及其与相关概念的区别，并对当前我雇哦土地整理活动的内容和运作方式进行了总结，在此基础上，对土地整理项目实施对自然生态环境和社会环境所可能造成的影响进行了系统分析，为全面评价土地整理活动的生态环境影响和进一步规范化、科学化管理土地整理项目提供理论基础。

The degree of intensive land use is of great significance for urban development zones. Especially in Jiangsu Province where cultivated land resource pressures resulted from urbanization is even more significant. This paper chooses 23 indicators relating to assessment of intensive land use potential and 18 urban development zones in Jiangsu Province as study areas to conduct evaluation of intensive degree of land use. Component analysis and systematic cluster analysis were adopted to analyze the 23 indicators. The indicators were divided into four categories：1) Land use structure; 2) the level of inputs including land, capital and labor force; 3) efficiency of land outputs; 4)the level of land sustainable use. The results indicates that the F₁～F₇ principal components generally take 5.016% of information of the whole. In terms of the general score F of the 1~7 principal components, the results were used to sort out the rank of urban development zones. The intensive degree of land use has four grades: 1) Super intensive level: namely the land supply is in severe shortage, index value over 0.3; 2) Intensive level: the land supply and demand is in equilibrium, index value at 0～0.3; 3) Inferior intensive level: the land supply and demand is in equilibrium in certain period, index value at -0.3～0; 4) Less intensive level: the idle land exist, index value lover than -0.3. The intensive degree of land use varies in different regions of Jiangsu Province. The intensive degrees of land use in urban development zones in the south of the province are higher than that in other regions. Development zone in Southern Jiangsu Province is more developed than that in middle and northern Jiangsu Province.

该文在对像元二分模型的两个重要参数推导的基础上，对已有模型的参数估算方法进行改进，建立了用NDVI归一化植被指数定量估算植被覆盖度的模型，并根据实际运用时的二种情况，提出了估算植被覆盖度的方案。然后根据研究区密云水库上游的具体特点并结合实际情况设计了模型应用的技术路线和实施方法，对研究区植被覆盖度进行了估算。通过密云流域的实地考察，利用照相法对植被覆盖度的估算结果进行了验证，估算精度达85%，表明使用此改进模型进行植被覆盖度遥感监测是可行的。

随着全球变化研究工作的深入，科学家逐步认识到人类对土地的利用所引起的土地覆盖的变化也是全球环境变化的主要原因和重要组成部分。由于土地覆盖变化由土地利用所引起，而土地利用又受到人类驱动力的支配，为此必须解释土地变化与社会驱动力的关系。国际地圈一生物圈计划和全球环境变化的人文领域研究计划已共同制定了有关的研究议程，我国应积极响应，尽可能与之接轨，同时也要反映出中国的特点，其研究内容应包括：原因与覆被状态的类别划分，土地覆盖状态的演变过程，土地覆盖变化的模拟与预测，并确定优先研究区域。

Burning crop residue in the field after harvesting, as a way of disposing the waste, is a common practice in China, and exist mainly in three kinds of regions: grainproducing regions with a small population density such as Jilin and Heilongjiang; developed regions such as Shanghai, Zhejiang and Jiangsu; energy producing regions such as Shanxi. It has resulted in many serious and urgent problems including air pollution, transportation problem, soil quality, fertility degradation, and so on. Total amount of crop residue was calculated based on statistics of crop output from 2001 to 2003 and croptoresidue ratios. The quantity of crop residue is about 6×10⁸ t/a; rice, wheat and corn residues account for 76% of the total. The proportion of residue burnt in open field in each province ranges from 0 to 50% according to the data of living standards, climate zones and production sites at each province. Total quantity of crop residue burnt in recent years in China is about 1.6×10⁸ t/a, and the largest contribution is from Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Hebei, and Heilongjiang, most of which are in the eastern China due to the higher income of peasant and the higher rural population density. As a case, the spatial grid with resolution of 0.2°×0.2° shows the distribution of crop residue burnt in China in 2003 The results show a significant differences among regions: the provinces in East China and Northeast China contribute to a higher proportion of residue burnt in open air, and the proportions in western China and Inner Mongolia are lower due to a lower rural population density and lower economic development level. The regions with a higher proportion concentrate in a belt across major agricultural zone, from Northeast China to East China. At last, some suggestions on how to decrease crop residue burnt in China are put forward. In order to lessen the effect on environmental quality, open burning must be prohibited, and a longterm mechanism should be set up. The strategy should include administrative and legal management approaches, as well as economic and technical methods.

Along with the urbanization process in China, the urban land use structure has changed greatly. However, the interactive relationship between urbanization and urban land use is still openended. On the basis of the analysis on the urbanization situation currently, the main problems concerning urban land utilization structure in China are as follows: the first, the extending of city scale is too big, the leave unused land in urban is too much; the second, the urban utilization structure is not reasonable, proportion of industry land is too big, traffic land, greenland proportion is too small; the third, the general planning of land utilization and the city general planning are not reasonable, and assort with the development of economy and society in urban; finally, the intensive utilization degree is low, the city land cubage rate is also low, this article draws to the conclusion of linear relation between them through setting up plural linear regression model between urbanization and urban land utilization structure: the residence land and the commonality establishment land increase linearly along with urbanization development, but the industry land, the storage land and the external traffic land decrease linearly along with urbanization development.. Hereby the author proposes the scientific forecast of urban land utilization development direction in the future：In the course urbanization development quickly, the habitation land and the commonality establishment land will increase gradually, but the industry land, the storage land and the external traffic land will decrease gradually, the urban land utilization structure will develop to reasonable direction. At the same time, the author makes a quantificational forecast according to the forecast about urbanization level in 2005,2010,2015,2020 by some experts and scholars. Therefore, some policy suggestions of highefficient use of urban land are put forward as the following: the first, make the leaving land in city active, quicken the development of land market, promote urban land utilization structure to rationalization; the second, adjust urban land utilization structure reasonably, ptimize land collocation, improve general condition of city; the third, strengthen control effect on the city general distribution and its development direction through the general planning of land utilization and city general planning, improve city distribution and structure; finally, dig up interior potential of urban land, increase urban land cubage rate properly, utilize multidimensional space actively.

该文从资源的角度，根据各作物秸秆的经济系数，对我国各类农作物秸秆作了全面的估算，分析了我国作物秸秆资源的发展趋势和分布特点。研究结果表明，目前我国秸秆资源产量达到79454.4×104t的水平，并每年以1251.2×104t的速度稳步增长；我国作物秸秆资源分布存在地域性特点，东部农区是我国作物秸秆资源的主要分布区，黑龙江、河北、山东、江苏和四川是作物秸秆资源的集中分布区。对我国作物秸秆资源利用现状分析认为，每年有95%以上作物秸秆资源通过不同的利用途径转化成其他的形式而被耗散，资源浪费严重。针对作物秸秆资源利用中存在的问题提出了一些政策建议。

Evaluation of carbon emissions is essential to studying carbon related issues. This paper provides an evaluation method of CO₂ emissions at different levels in terms of different properties of energy consumption and available statistical data at national, regional, and industrial levels. A CO₂ emission series at the three levels was obtained. It is concluded that: 1) the current economic development pertains to high-carbon economy due to the economic structure and economic development pattern; 2) the proportion of CO₂ of the whole industry accounted for 85% of the total CO₂ emission in China. In general, the carbon intensity in industries decreased, but slowly increased in the transportation sector. The Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index Model (LMDI), which is the complete decomposition of carbon emissions with the decomposition residual item of zero, was used to perform quantitative analysis of changes in CO₂ emissions and percentages of contributors for China during the period 1995-2007. Four effects resulted in changes in CO₂ emissions, including economic scale, industrial structure, energy intensity or energy efficiency, and carbon intensity. The results of carbon decomposition show that contributors of the four effects to changes in CO₂ emissions were different. For example, the most significant factor contributing to increases in CO₂ emissions during the study period was due to economic development, followed by the change in the industrial structure and energy structure or carbon intensity. The decrease in energy intensity would lead to carbon emission reductions, but the increase in CO₂ emissions during the decade was definitely caused by economic growth, and the change in economic structure and energy structure. Improvement in energy intensity has a positive effect on carbon emissions. Results also show that the four effects were not the same for different periods of time. The energy intensity decrease and economic development were the major reasons for increases in CO₂ emissions during the period 1995-2000. However, the economic development could take up as large as 85.8% of all increases in CO₂ emissions during the period 2002-2007. As for the explanation of the four effects, the proportion of the high-carbon emission industry became increasingly significant during recent years, e.g., the proportion of industry and transportation sectors increased and CO₂ emissions of the two sectors also increased in terms of the current development pattern. The ratio of clean energy to energy consumption was rather small, e.g., the proportion of renewable energy to primary energy consumption was less than 9% in 2007. These conclusions would be helpful for formulating economic policies to address energy development measurement in the future.

Ecological compensation is a hot thematic in ecological economics at present. The definitions relating to ecologic compensation are various, but a few were accepted commonly. This paper present a new definition based on related references and authors’ experiences. The paper deemed that cological compensation include two folds of connotation. One is compensation for natural ecosystem, which is to reestablish damaged ecosystem and eliminate environmental pollution, such as forestation in eroded area, purification of polluted river, etc. Another is compensation for human being, which is to ovide subsidies or penalty for people’s behavior protecting or destructing environment, such as provision of subsidies for farmer’s turning farmland into woodland or grassland, imposing taxes for polluting environment, etc. Many countries especially in developed world had implemented the measures in order to realize sustainable development. Ecological compensation practice in China began in the early 1980’s. It can be divided into two stages during the last twenty years, which were beginning stage since the beginning of 1980’s to the end of 1990’s and developing stage from the end of 1990’s. During the beginning stage ecological compensation measure only was implemented in mining and natural forest protection in part of China. It was extended into ecological protection project, renewable energy exploitation in rural China, farmland protection, water resources conservation during developing stage and the fund investment was also increased greatly. There are still many problems in ecological compensation practice in China at present. They mainly include that the compensation scope is too narrow; fund mainly come from central government and little of them is provided by public; the amount of compensation is unreasonable which induces “over compensation” in some area and “less compensation” in others; and basic support system such as enforcement of laws, rules and regulations are ineffective. Based on these problems and experiences from EU and other countries, this paper is trying to give some advices to improve China’s ecological compensation practice. The policy advices included:1) To make an order of priority for ecological compensation based on Chinese economic dev elopment and ecoenvironment situation; 2) To establish multiplechannel fund collecting system, such as environmental taxation, development of ecological product market, ecological lottery, and so on; 3) To decide compensation amount according to local conditions, especially opportunity cost; 4) To establish a scientific and efficient monitoring and evaluation mechanism and socialize the evaluation gradually; and 5) To improve basic institutional system for ecological compensation gradually.

利用1949年-1998年的统计和普查数据，分析探讨了河北省近50a来耕地数量变化及区域差异，在此基础上进一步探讨了影响耕地动态变化的驱动因子。结果表明，50a来，河北省耕地总体趋势逐年下降，耕地变化区域差异显著；农业结构调整、非农建设、灾害毁损和开荒等因素是引起耕地变化的直接驱动因子，技术进步、经济利益驱动和农业政策等因素是引起耕地变化的间接驱动因子。

The relationship between economic growth and energy carbon emissions has been paid much attention. By constructing a decoupling analysis model, we discussed the decoupling relationship between economic growth and energy carbon emissions in China, and analyzed temporal and spatial variation trends in decoupling development by evaluating the decoupling degree. Results show that 1) China pertains to weak decoupling at a national level during the period 1980-2008, except for the period 2000-2005, in which China fell into expansive negative decoupling. The decoupling degree fluctuated with changes in macro-economic situations and policy regulation. There is room for achieving stronger decoupling, and the development trend of weak decoupling will continue for some time in the future. 2) At a provincial level, the provincial regions belonged to either weak decoupling or expansive negative decoupling from 2000 to 2008. During the period 2000-2005, 13 provincial regions belonged to weak decoupling; during the period 2005-2008, 29 provincial regions belonged to weak decoupling except for Qinghai Province, with most of regions achieving more significant decoupling in the later period, and the regional gap of decoupling degree was narrowing. 3) During the period 2000-2005, the decoupling spatial pattern of economy from carbon emissions exhibited a state of dispersion. The significant decoupling regions were generally distributed in eastern China, showing large regional differences in the decoupling degree. During the period 2005-2008, the significant decoupling regions showed a trend in spatial agglomeration, mainly concentrating in northern China, eastern China, and central China, with regional differences being significantly reduced. 4) Intermediate variable analysis indicates that on both the national and provincial levels, decoupling of economic growth from energy carbon emissions is mainly caused by the decoupling of economy from energy consumption. In general, China’s technology about carbon emissions reduction remains relatively low, which has limited its contribution to decoupling economy from carbon emissions, with no significant regional differences and the lag behind in technological advancement. Therefore, future measures for decoupling development are promoting energy-saving technologies and industrial upgrading, strengthening the development of technologies on carbon emissions reduction, and gradually improving the energy structure.

该文在分析1996年---2003年我国耕地资源变化格局的基础上，探讨了耕地资源变化对粮食生产的影响，包括耕地面积、粮食播种面积、粮食总产量和粮食单产的年际变化率以及四者之间的相关关系。分析认为，我国耕地的流失呈加剧趋势；粮食播种面积和粮食总产呈下降趋势，且幅度较大；粮食单产变化不大。耕地面积年变化率和粮食播种面积年变化率之间具有一定的相关性；耕地面积年变化率和粮食总产量年变化率之间的相关性并不强；粮食播种面积变化率和粮食产量变化率之间相关性较强，两者的变化基本同步；粮食总产量变化率和粮食单产变化率之间相关性很强，变化趋势基本一致。最后分析了2003年粮食总产量和主要粮食作物产量下降的原因,认为造成总产量下降的主要原因是播种面积的减少，单位面积的生产能力基本未下降，而且粮食品种结构与粮食品质均有了明显改善；生态退耕尽管减少了粮食播种面积，但有助于提高耕地的总体质量，增强粮食综合生产能力；保护和提高单位面积的粮食综合生产能力是保障我国粮食安全的基本战略。

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该文首先从系统功能角度设计了河南省可持续发展的指标体系，包括7个功能组71个指标，接着评述了熵值法的基本原理、运算步骤及对该方法的改进措施，并用改进的熵值法对河南省可持续发展能力及其结构做了定量分析：河南省可持续发展指标权重值≥0.015的指标有：经济指标7个、环境指标6个、人口指标6个、社会指标5个、资源指标4个、科技指标1个，累计权重依次为0.120、0.118、0.108、0.085、0.066、0.020，表明河南省可持续发展系统的构成要素中，经济因子最为重要，其次为环境因子，再次为人口因子，提高河南省可持续发展能力首先要大力发展生产力，同时要保证生态环境的不退化，另外也要控制人口数量的增长。20世纪90年代河南省可持续发展能力总趋势是增强的，但1991年-1993年间呈下降态势。在河南省可持续发展系统功能中，区域发展水平对系统的贡献最大，起着决定性作用。

以生物物理量为标准进行区域可持续发展评价是当前该领域的研究焦点之一。Wackernagel发展的生态占用法因其简明的生物物理量设计思想克服了其它评价的需要对这种方法做出改进，提出了用投入占用产出模式来完善生态占用方法的思路，结合生态占有指标引入了一个综合发展度来全面反映可持续发展程度。最后结合河南省区域可持续发展评价实例进行了应用分析，通过对河南省生态占用的计算分析，得出河南目前处于“地方不可持续-全球可持续-欠发展”状态，并与西部12省（区）市进行了对比分析。

According to research results over the past years, the relationship between fertilizer production and consumption and the resource, environment, food security and sustainable development in China was analyzed. The fertilizer production and consumption in China had been ranked at the top of world for several years. In 2002, the amount of ertilizer production and consumption in China were 37.9Mt and 43.4Mt respectively, which were 25% and 307% of the world average,respectively. High concentration fertilizer varieties have been developed rapidly in these years. In 2003, for instance, the ratio of produced ammonium bicarbonate and urea were 30% and 58% in nitrogenous fertilizer, respectively, and that of straight phosphorus fertilizer and ammonium phosphate were 50.8% and 34.1% in phosphorus fertilizer, respectively. The fertilizer consumption has given great contribution to the food security and soil fertility improvement. However, there are several problems in fertilizer production and consumption in China. Firstly, the nutrient use efficiency was lower. According to the survey results from 10 000farmers by National Agro～technical Center, the Ministry of Agriculture of China, the percentage of investigated farmers whose nitrogen application rate was higher than 250kg/hm2 in rice, maize and wheat fields was above 30%. The average rate of N and P application in rice, maize and wheat was higher but the crop yield was lower than that in the developed countries. Secondly, less amount of nutrient in manure was recycled. The ratio of nutrient from manure was 39.7% and the recycled proportion of organic N、P2O5 and K2O were 29.2%, 43.5% and 66.1%, respectively. Thirdly, lots of phosphorus, potash and sulfur resources were wasted in fertilizer industry. It was estimated that wasted amount of the high quality phosphorus rock would be more than 60Mt annually and the phosphorus rich rock will be exhausted in 2014 in China. Lastly, the fertilizer production and consumption had caused the environmental problems such as nitrogen emission, phosphorus discharge, phosphorus gypsum sediment etc. To protect environment and to save resource and energy, the fertilizer production and consumption had been declined from the end of 1980’s. However, the fertilizer production and consumption in China is increasing continuously although its amount was very huge. To increase nutrient use efficiency is a key approach and must be paid more attention to.

生态足迹作为一种可持续发展状况的定量测度，反映了人类对自然利用程度。该文以苏州、无锡和常州地区1991年到1999年统计年鉴的数据为依据，对该地区9a来的生态足迹进行了计算分析。纵向分析的结果表明，苏锡常地区历年的人均生态占用不断增加，9a时间增加了37.78%，而人均生态承载力却减少了18.67%，该地区历年人均生态占用均出现赤字，而且呈连年增长的趋势，到1999人均生态赤字已高达1.2684 hm2/cap.。与世界其他一些地区生态占用的横向比较分析表明，苏锡常地区人均生态占用为1.7469 hm2，低于全球平均水平（2.4 hm2）；人均生态承载力为0.4605 hm2，也小于全球人均水平（2 hm2）；人均生态赤字远远高于世界平均水平（0.4 hm2）。

水资源是干旱、半干旱地区社会经济发展和生态环境保护的关键制约因素，水资源承载力的分析计算和评价是干旱、半干旱地区寻求区域可持续发展道路的重要依据。该文探讨了水资源承载力状况的评价方法，建立了水资源承载力评价指标体系，对各评价指标的可承载极限临界值和理想值进行了界定，建立了水资源承载力模糊综合评判模型，并运用之对西北地区现状年及未来10a、20a、50a不同发展情景方案下的水资源承载状况进行了评价。模型预测结果表明，通过生态环境治理、节水技术进步和产业结构调整等综合措施，未来各年段西北地区水资源承载力状况将逐步改善，其中以采用A1+B2+C2发展情景方案将使水资源承载状况综合效果最佳，节约用水、降低水资源开发利用率，提高用水效率和控制人口增长则是提高西北地区水资源承载力水平的关键因素。

China is one of the countries short of land resources. Expanding pieces of land are used in nonagricultural sectors in the preliminary stages of theurbanization process. On the other hand, the remaining lands in urban area are used extensively and inefficiently. It is urgent to exploit latent potentiality and achieve higher efficiency of land use. Taking Hebei province as an example, the paper evaluates for the first time the intensive land use in cities of different sizes and scales in the whole province. In a macro manner, the urban land use in the province was classified into such three types as intensive use, proper use, lower use and extensive use. It also explores the rules of the land use potentiality grade in different cities of Hebei province, concluding with the fact that the natural conditions, location convenience and the economic development levels are important factors that affect the intensive land use potentiality of Hebei province. Compared with the potential evaluation system in the past which focused on the uniformity and singularity of city land use, it benefits the macroregulation of the construction development and utilization structure of urban land use and provides a premise for urban planning, reconstruction and renewing of the deserted urban areas, optimizing the land use patterns, improving the land use efficiency, and achieving the sustainable development of the urban land use. It also makes a thorough study of the evaluation methods of the intensive use of urban land. The classification of land use potential is practically valuable and significant for the macro regulation of the land use.

景观生态规划在生物多样性保护和环境改善方面具有重要作用，通过它可以协调人与自然及资源利用的关系，是实现可持续发展的一个重要途径。未来的景观生态规划既要满足景观的自然功能和人类需要，又要满足持续的土地利用。本文论述了景观生态规划的概念、发展过程、原则和步骤，以期对我国的景观规划起到借鉴和促进作用。

As a quantitative analysis tool,decoupling method was applied widely by OECD and its member countries since the 1980s.The method uses simple and quantificational mathematics models to measure the complicated relationship between the policy and actual economic,social or environmental status quo.The practice of OECD and its member countries have proved that it is simple,convenient and available when handling with relative problems,so more and more countries and researchers invest intellectual resources and capitals into the research.After the reform and opening up,Chinas per capita arable land resources are scarce and arable land occupation turns to more and more serious and economic development is the main driving forces.In order to deeply analyze and understand the correlations between farmland occupation and GDP growth and promote the setup of new farmland protection management system,the theory and analysis method of “decoupling” is introduced from the fields of agricultural production and trade policy and environment policy.This paper tries to analyze the relationship between arable land occupation and GDP growth to formulate the new management system.The main ideas are:1) to analyze,compare and summarize completely the protection policies of arable land at different stages of GDP growth at home and overseas;2) to set up decoupling indicators between arable land occupation (mainly including the farmland used for construction and farmland for agricultural structure readjustment) and GDP growth (mainly including the second and third gross dome stic product) based on the system of DPR (driving force-pressure-response),then to analyze their correlations and changes of timeseries (if possible,the changes of spaceseries should also be analyzed) by applying the index systems;3) to set up an new management system of protection of arable land based on the above work;4) to select,confirm and analyze respectively some provincial,region al and prefecturallevel typical areas (if some areas are compared with each other,the same administrative level is necessary;if just one area is the analysis objective,a timeseries data is also required).After completing above four steps,the effects of applying decoupling indicators between arable land occupation and GDP growth and management system and polices will be validated.Typical modes of arable land occupation and GDP growth in all kinds of areas in China may be revealed,and theoretical level of research and practice on arable lands protection could be advanced.

区域土地利用结构状况与区域社会经济发展水平之间有着密切关系，因此土地利用结构变化与社会经济因子的驱动力作用必然具有内在的相关性。该文基于1990 年—2000 年中国省域土地利用变化的普查数据与社会经济统计资料，建立了以省域为单元的土地利用结构与相关人文因子的数据库，通过建立多元回归模型揭示了土地利用结构空间分布及其变化与人文因子的定量关系，从中筛选出影响土地利用类型结构变动的主导人文驱动因子。研究表明：人口增长、经济发展、消费水平、技术进步、农业结构调整，以及土地集约利用措施，在我国土地利用类型变化中均发挥着重要的作用。

The ecosystem service has been become one of most important concepts advanced by ecological economists. Being a research hotspot in field of ecological economics since 1990s, the ecosystem service and its value has been widely studied and appraised. However, the process and characteristics of the supply, consumption and valuation on ecosystem service still does not well researched and have no systemic theory to explain and analyse rationally the behaviors of producer and consumers of ecosystem services. This article, in accordance with the existed econometrics theory and new knowledge involved the ecosystem services, attempts to construct a theoretical frame to describe the process of the supply, consumption and valuation of ecosystem service. In the proposed theoretical frame the ecology service production function and the ecology service cost function are regarded as its main rationale and analysis approach for analyzing its supply process; the ecosytem service consumption function and the ecosystem service utility function regarded as its main rationale and its analysis approach for analyzing its consumption process; the utility value theory, the producer and the consumer surplus theory and the payment willingness theory are allowed to form its main rationale and the appraisal method for valuation of ecosystem services.