Household energy consumption is a critical link connecting the global energy transition and climate change mitigation. Its spatial characteristics and environmental, social, and health effects become increasingly complex as climate change intensifies, calling for a systematic analysis to support the formulation of differentiated energy policies. From a resource geography perspective, this study systematically reviews the research progress on the environmental, social, and health effects of household energy consumption under the influence of climate change and regional characteristics from 1973 to 2025 through literature review and theoretical analysis, revealing research gaps and development trends in this field. Overall, existing studies, based on a systematic integration of the resource geography perspective and the concept of “local embeddedness”, have revealed that the spatiotemporal differentiation of household energy consumption is essentially the result of the interaction among natural endowments, technological pathways, and social institutions within multi-scale geographical contexts. However, these studies have not overcome the limitations of traditional single-dimensional analysis. Accordingly, this study proposes the construction of a comprehensive, multi-scale, multi-perspective evaluation framework, aiming to analyze the environmental, social, and health effects of household energy consumption under climate change in depth from the perspectives of spatial scale and local embeddedness, and to clarify the nested relationships and interactive mechanisms among these three dimensions. Finally, the study emphasizes that systematically analyzing the local embeddedness characteristics of household energy consumption and the multi-scale synergistic mechanisms is crucial in formulating differentiated climate policies and promoting low-carbon transitions. This analysis not only contributes to improving the fairness of energy transitions but also provides effective practical pathways for global climate adaptation and achieving the “dual carbon” goals.
[Objective] This study aims to propose a new approach for quantitatively evaluating the synergistic effects of pollution reduction and carbon reduction from the perspective of time series causal inference, and to empirically examine the current status of these synergistic effects in China. [Methods] The theoretical foundation of the synergistic effects of pollution reduction and carbon reduction was clarified, and the multispatial convergent cross mapping method was employed. Based on time series data on urban carbon emissions, air quality index and six component pollutants from 2015 to 2024, the spatial heterogeneity of the synergistic effects at the national, national-level urban agglomeration, and interprovincial levels was examined. The status of synergy between pollution reduction and carbon reduction was visually demonstrated, and optimization pathways aimed at promoting the synergistic enhancement of pollution reduction and carbon reduction were proposed. [Results] (1) Promoting pollution reduction and carbon reduction through source-oriented synergy, governance synergy, and management synergy achieved synergistic enhancement with “1 + 1 > 2” effects. (2) Significant synergistic effects of pollution reduction and carbon reduction were observed at the national, national-level urban agglomeration, and interprovincial levels, showing an overall pattern dominated by unidirectional synergy from pollution reduction to carbon reduction and supplemented by bidirectional synergy. The carbon reduction effects of pollution reduction policies were significantly stronger than the pollution reduction effects of carbon reduction policies. [Conclusion] On the new journey, China should adhere to a systematic approach, formulate context-specific pathways for the synergistic enhancement of pollution reduction and carbon reduction, fully leverage the leading role of urban agglomerations as core carriers of regional collaborative governance, and actively explore replicable and scalable models for such synergy. This study enriches the quantitative evaluation methods for the synergistic effects of pollution reduction and carbon reduction from the perspective of time series causal inference, providing a scientific basis and pathway reference for promoting the synergistic enhancement of pollution reduction and carbon reduction in practice.
[Objective] The strong spatial correlation of the industrial system and the cross-regional extension of its industry chain further strengthen industrial carbon lock-in. In-depth research on the driving mechanism of industrial carbon lock-in is directly related to the low-carbon industrial transformation and the achievement of the “dual carbon” goals. [Methods] Based on panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2021, this study employed social network analysis to characterize the spatial correlation network of industrial carbon lock-in, used the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithm to identify its core driving factors, and applied the exponential random graph model (ERGM) to empirically examine the effects of these factors on the spatial correlation network of industrial carbon lock-in. [Results] (1) Although the spatial correlation network of industrial carbon lock-in exhibited complex multi-threaded characteristics over time, it had strong stability and resilience, which was not conducive to breaking industrial carbon lock-in. (2) Economically underdeveloped regions, especially Xinjiang, Qinghai, Yunnan, Gansu, and Inner Mongolia, played an important bridging role in the industrial carbon lock-in network, with strong information reception and transmission capabilities, and the “core-periphery” structure centered on them was highly stable. (3) Digital empowerment, green finance development, the improvement of opening-up levels, the establishment of a unified national market, and industrial structure upgrading were the core driving forces weakening the spatial correlation of industrial carbon lock-in, and their effects decreased sequentially. [Conclusion] The spatial correlation network of industrial carbon lock-in is structurally stable, and the hub role of underdeveloped regions is prominent. A carbon emission reduction community should be built, digital transformation should be deepened, market-oriented reform and green finance innovation should be advanced, and a new pattern of green and low-carbon development featuring regional coordination, technology-driven development, market guidance, and financial support should be formed.
Coal is the primary energy source to support China’s national economic development. Accurate accounting of the carbon footprint of coal products is the basis for promoting the low-carbon transition of the coal industry chain, as well as a key requirement for supporting the construction of China’s carbon footprint management system and addressing international carbon-related trade barriers. This study summarizes the life cycle of coal products and their main emission sources, and reviews the current status of research on carbon footprint assessment of coal products based on a systematic literature review. In addition, 22 life cycle assessment-based research articles about coal carbon footprint published during 2000-2024 are compared and analyzed. It is found that there is significant inconsistency in the functional units, system boundaries, and data sources in different studies, and the results of coal carbon footprint show great disparities. Comparative analysis reveals significant differences in coal carbon footprints across countries (regions). For instance, cradle-to-gate coal carbon footprint in Australia (31.2 kg CO2e/t) in some studies is notably lower than cases in Indonesia (314.0 kg CO2e/t) and China (up to 499.0 kg CO2e/t). Moreover, cradle-to-gate (19.8-835.0 kg CO2e/t) and cradle-to-grave (1526.4-2988.1 kg CO2e/t) carbon footprints of coal differ substantially. The differences in carbon footprint results are due to the inherent disparity of the research objects, and it is also affected by the differences in specific methods. This study further compares and analyzes key issues and assumptions that may affect the carbon footprint assessment results in different studies, including functional units, system boundaries, inventory data sources, and impact assessment methods. On this basis, this study identifies the limitations in existing research and proposes recommendations for improving the carbon footprint assessment methods for China’s coal products from the aspects of methodology standardization, process transparency, data availability, and sample representativeness, which provides scientific support for promoting the formulation of carbon footprint accounting standards of coal products and the construction of carbon footprint management system in China.
Systematically summarizing and organizing rural development experiences provides valuable insights for comprehensively advancing the rural revitalization strategy. Based on a quantitative analysis method of literature cases, this study systematically reviewed 155 typical rural revitalization cases reported in the literature from 2007 to 2024 and identified 10 composite pathways of rural revitalization. Using an interpretive framework of rural development models based on the types and sources of driving forces, four major development models were identified. The characteristic resource utilization model achieves synergy between characteristic resources and prosperous living through pathways of ecological and cultural tourism integration, characteristic agricultural development, and water-environment drivers. The livability quality enhancement model improves medical and educational support, villagers’ autonomy, and rural governance capacity through pathways led by public services, joint creation of a livable climate, and talent-driven co-construction. The urban-rural integration model promotes efficient linkage between rural areas and external markets and the flow of factors through pathways driven by transportation hubs and regional economic spillover. The assistance-activated model relies on external social forces to activate rural development engines through pathways of agricultural assistance-based revitalization and industrial and commercial enterprise leadership. This study verifies the multidimensional characteristics of rural revitalization. It proposes policy recommendations including multi-model combination, dynamic pathway adaptation, and people-centered development goals, providing a reference for future strategies for selecting rural revitalization models and pathways.
[Objective] Frequent climate disasters pose severe challenges to the stability of agricultural production and the sustained income growth of farmers in China. Therefore, it is important to explore the impact of digital agriculture promotion on farmers’ implementation of proactive climate adaptation behavior, which is of great significance for enhancing farmers’ climate response capabilities and vigorously developing climate-resilient agriculture. [Methods] Based on household survey data of farmers in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River Basin in 2023, this study used the Double-Hurdle model for benchmark regression analysis to examine the impact and mechanism of digital agriculture promotion on farmers’ proactive climate adaptation behavior. [Results] (1) Digital agriculture promotion significantly enhanced farmers’ decision-making propensity toward proactive climate adaptation behavior and their adoption intensity. (2) Mechanism analysis showed that digital agriculture promotion promoted farmers’ proactive climate adaptation behavior by reducing information costs and improving farmers’ awareness. (3) After grouping by the level of the digital divide, it was found that the digital divide limited the effect of digital agriculture promotion on farmers’ proactive climate adaptation behavior. (4) Further grouping analysis showed that digital agriculture promotion had different effects on adaptation decision-making among farmers with different part-time employment types. The promoting effect was the most significant among farmers whose agricultural income accounted for 50%-90%, but relatively limited among those whose agricultural income accounted for less than 50%. Additionally, digital agriculture promotion had the greatest effect on capital-based adaptation behaviors, and its promoting effect on the adoption intensity of proactive climate adaptation behavior was more significant among farmers in areas with frequent natural disasters. [Conclusion] Ensuring the sound development of digital agriculture promotion and activating the potential of digital factors are important pathways for encouraging farmers to adopt proactive climate adaptation behavior. It is suggested to improve farmers’ perception of the usefulness and ease of use of digital agriculture promotion, build a comprehensive climate-smart agriculture service platform, and formulate policies tailored to local conditions and individual characteristics.
[Objective] Clarifying the inhibitory effects of natural disaster experience on farmers’ decision of farmland transfer-out can help deepen the theoretical understanding of the microeconomic effects of natural disasters, thereby providing an empirical basis and policy reference for reasonably guiding farmland transfer and steadily promoting moderate-scale agricultural operation. [Methods] Based on survey data of farmers in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River Basin, this study employed the Probit model, Fisher combination test, and mediation effect model to empirically analyze the impact, heterogeneity, and mechanism of natural disaster experience on farmers’ farmland transfer-out decision. [Results] (1) Natural disaster experience had a significant inhibitory effect on farmers’ farmland transfer-out decision. This effect weakened the market feasibility of farmland transfer by strengthening farmers’ land security dependence and risk aversion motivation, which in turn restricted the centralized and contiguous allocation of farmland resources and formed a practical obstacle to the promotion of moderate-scale agricultural operation. (2) The inhibitory effect exhibited significant heterogeneity. Specifically, the effect was more pronounced among farmers without social identity, with strong social networks, relying mainly on non-agricultural livelihoods, and living in villages with established village regulations and conventions. (3) The mechanism test showed that natural disaster experience inhibited farmers’ farmland transfer-out decision by improving farmers’ risk aversion, enhancing their willingness to participate in agricultural technology training, and promoting agricultural insurance purchase. [Conclusion] During the process of strengthening natural disaster risk management and promoting the orderly transfer of farmland, the impact of natural disaster experience and the differences of farmers’ groups should be fully considered. By guiding farmers to rationally recognize risks, optimizing agricultural technology training services, and improving the agricultural insurance system, the inhibitory effects can be alleviated, and practical support can be provided for the realization of moderate-scale agricultural operation.
[Objective] Against the backdrop of regional development imbalances, land resource spatial misallocation has become a key bottleneck constraining the development of new quality productive forces. This study aims to reveal the impact of land spatial misallocation on new quality productive forces and its mechanism, thereby providing a theoretical basis for optimizing land resource allocation and promoting the development of new quality productive forces. [Methods] Based on panel data from 284 prefecture-level and above cities from 2011 to 2022, an evaluation indicator system for new quality productive forces was constructed from three dimensions: technology, green development, and digitalization. Fixed-effects panel models, mediation effect models, and moderating effect models were used to systematically reveal the impact of land spatial misallocation on new quality productive forces and its mechanism. [Results] (1) Land spatial misallocation significantly inhibited new quality productive forces, and this effect exhibited heterogeneity across economic development levels, city sizes, and administrative levels. (2) Obstacles to industrial structure rationalization and upgrading, along with weakened urban innovation and entrepreneurship momentum, were key mediating pathways through which land spatial misallocation affected the development of new quality productive forces. (3) The moderating mechanism showed that a higher level of market integration amplified the inhibitory effect of land spatial misallocation on new quality productive forces, while effective government intervention played a mitigating role through coordinated factor allocation and policy support. [Conclusion] This empirical study reveals that land spatial misallocation significantly hinders the development of new quality productive forces through multiple pathways and constitutes an important structural obstacle restricting their cultivation and growth. Alleviating land spatial misallocation is an important prerequisite for unleashing the development potential of new quality productive forces. This requires optimizing the spatial allocation of land resources, improving the innovation and entrepreneurship service system, optimizing the industrial structure, and strengthening government macro-regulation and market integration, so as to realize a positive interaction between the optimal allocation of land resources and the development of new quality productive forces.
[Objective] Conservation tillage demonstrates dual economic and ecological benefits through cost reduction, efficiency enhancement, carbon sequestration, and emission mitigation. However, its region-specific technical characteristics lead to spatial disparities in agricultural eco-efficiency. This study aims to uncover the dynamic evolution patterns and regional difference characteristics of agricultural eco-efficiency of conservation tillage in China, providing evidence for designing differentiated promotion pathways and advancing sustainable agricultural development. [Methods] Utilizing panel data from 30 Chinese provinces from 2002 to 2022, this study employed a super-efficiency SBM model with undesirable outputs to measure agricultural eco-efficiency of conservation tillage from the perspective of tillage practices. The Dagum Gini coefficient and convergence models were applied to analyze its dynamic evolution, regional differences, and convergence characteristics. [Results] (1) The agricultural eco-efficiency of conservation tillage nationwide and in all regions showed a trend of “first decreasing and then increasing” over time. In terms of spatial distribution, it presented patterns of “higher in the west and lower in the east” and “higher in the north and lower in the south”. (2) The Gini coefficient of agricultural eco-efficiency of conservation tillage across China showed a trend of “rising first and then declining.” Inter-regional disparities were the main source of its imbalance. (3) The agricultural eco-efficiency of conservation tillage exhibited both α-convergence and β-convergence nationwide. In terms of different regions, the central region demonstrated α-convergence, while the central, western, and northeastern regions showed β-convergence. After considering socioeconomic factors, the convergence cycle was shortened. [Conclusion] The overall level of agricultural eco-efficiency of conservation tillage in China is relatively high, with obvious regional heterogeneity and β-convergence characteristics. In the future, the promotion of conservation tillage should be based on the spatial imbalance of its agricultural eco-efficiency and adapted to local conditions. Policies for promoting conservation tillage should be optimized, and the long-term development mechanism for conservation tillage should be improved. At the same time, interregional exchange and cooperation in agricultural production should be strengthened to establish a linkage mechanism for the economic-ecological benefits of conservation tillage.
[Objective] Rural land rights confirmation is an important institutional arrangement for regulating land productivity. Clarifying its impact mechanisms on land productivity is of great value for promoting the efficient use of land resources and driving high-quality agricultural development. [Methods] This study constructed a theoretical framework for the impact of rural land rights confirmation on land productivity. Based on survey data from 2424 farmer households in six provinces of the Yellow River Basin in 2023, multiple linear regression and mediation effect models were used to empirically test the impact of rural land rights confirmation on land productivity and its mechanisms. [Results] (1) Rural land rights confirmation significantly enhanced land productivity, and this effect persisted after the implementation of the new round of rural land rights confirmation. (2) The productivity effect of the new round of rural land rights confirmation was more pronounced in areas with low levels of fragmented farmland and among wealthy households, but was not significant in areas with high levels of fragmented farmland and among poor families. (3) The new round of rural land rights confirmation achieved the growth effect of land productivity through three investment channels: soil improvement investment, crop planting investment, and human capital investment. [Conclusion] Rural land rights confirmation enhances land productivity by improving farmers’ investment behavior, but the effect is context-dependent at the micro level. It is necessary to further encourage investment in green fertilizers, optimize the planting structure, and enhance human capital. At the same time, fragmented land management and targeted assistance for poor families should be advanced in a coordinated manner to fully unleash its boosting effect on productivity growth.
[Objective] In the context of continuous non-agricultural labor migration, clarifying the relationship between non-agricultural labor migration and farmers’ sustained adoption of conservation tillage technologies and revealing the moderating effects of agricultural socialized services are of great significance for promoting the efficient dissemination and long-term application of the technology. [Methods] Based on field survey data collected from 934 farmers across the Jianghan Plain in July 2022, baseline regression and moderating effect models were constructed. The sustained adoption of conservation tillage technologies was characterized from two dimensions: current adoption behavior and future adoption intention. The impact of non-agricultural labor migration on farmers’ sustained adoption of conservation tillage technologies was empirically tested, and the moderating effects of agricultural socialized services were further examined. [Results] (1) Non-agricultural labor migration significantly inhibited farmers’ sustained adoption of conservation tillage technologies. (2) The moderating effects of agricultural socialized services showed stage-specific characteristics. It significantly mitigated the inhibitory effects of non-agricultural labor migration on current adoption behavior, while the moderating effects weakened for future adoption intention. (3) Different types of agricultural socialized services exhibited significant heterogeneity in their moderating effects, among which technology-intensive services showed more robust moderating effects. [Conclusion] Non-agricultural labor migration inhibits farmers’ sustained adoption of conservation tillage technologies by changing the labor supply structure, whereas agricultural socialized services alleviate labor constraints to some extent through factor substitution, but their effects show stage-specific characteristics and heterogeneity across service types. Therefore, it is necessary to further improve the comprehensive quality of the remaining rural labor force and accelerate the construction of a menu-based service system for conservation tillage, so as to ensure the sustained and efficient adoption of conservation tillage technologies.
[Objective] This study aims to analyze the adaptability and driving factors of population transformation, green transformation of cultivated land use, and grain total factor productivity in the central Yunnan urban agglomeration, and to provide relevant suggestions, thereby offering theoretical support for the sustainable rural development of the central Yunnan urban agglomeration. [Methods] The entropy-TOPSIS method and super-SBM model were used to comprehensively measure the population transformation, green transformation of cultivated land use, and grain total factor productivity in the central Yunnan urban agglomeration from 2010 to 2022. The adaptability model, geodetector, and other methods were used to comprehensively analyze the adaptive development status and driving factors of the population transformation, green transformation of cultivated land use, and grain total factor productivity. [Results] (1) From 2010 to 2022, the adaptability of the population transformation, green transformation of cultivated land use, and grain total factor productivity in each county (city, district) of the central Yunnan urban agglomeration showed an overall fluctuating upward trend, demonstrating a good adaptive state of the region’s human-land-grain system, although the overall growth was relatively slow. (2) In terms of spatial distribution, the adaptability level in the eastern and northern regions of the central Yunnan urban agglomeration was generally higher than that in the western and southern regions, with most extremely maladaptive and poorly adaptive counties (cities, districts) concentrated in the southwest. (3) In terms of driving factors, logistics and fiscal factors consistently played important roles in the adaptive development of the population transformation, green transformation of cultivated land use, and grain total factor productivity, while the dominant role of informatization and transportation infrastructure factors continuously strengthened. Moreover, transportation infrastructure, environmental, fiscal, and informatization factors produced a significant two-factor enhancement effect. [Conclusion] In the future, efforts should be actively made to promote the construction of informatization, logistics, transportation, and digitalization in the central Yunnan urban agglomeration, providing assurance and support for the adaptive development of population transformation, green transformation of cultivated land use, and grain total factor productivity.
[Objective] This study aims to reveal the impact of the use of electronic labels on farmers’ economic efficiency, thereby providing theoretical support and empirical reference for empowering high-quality development of the livestock industry with digital technology. [Methods] Taking meat duck electronic labels as an example, this study conducted mathematical deduction and empirical tests based on the “Pareto improvement” induced by changes in the technical rate of substitution and the marginal rate of transformation. It explored the effects and transmission pathways through which the use of electronic labels influenced farmers’ economic efficiency via resource reallocation. [Results] (1) The use of electronic labels significantly promoted the growth of farmers’ farming income and overall economic efficiency, but restricted adjustments in relative income structure. (2) Mechanism analysis showed that the use of electronic labels was labor-augmenting technological progress, which contributed to the growth of farmers’ economic efficiency by improving labor efficiency and optimizing the allocation of farming resources, and the improvement of labor efficiency was mainly achieved through three pathways: environmental monitoring, precision feeding, and disease prevention. (3) Further analysis revealed that electronic labels were effective only when used within an appropriate farming scale, as they significantly enhanced farmers’ farming income and overall economic efficiency and reduced disruptions to the relative income structure. The intensity of price incentives was also positively associated with the benefits of electronic label use. However, if the use of electronic labels was treated as an inspection criterion during procurement, it may hinder the effective functioning of the technology. (4) The heterogeneity test found that the use of electronic labels in poor network access areas promoted farmers’ non-farming income more significantly, while the use of labels by low-digital-skill farmers hindered their diversified operations and interfered with adjustments in their relative income structure. [Conclusion] Digital technologies such as electronic labels improve labor efficiency in environmental monitoring, precision feeding, and disease prevention, thereby enhancing economic efficiency and reshaping income structures. Promotion efforts should consider production scale and technology adoption costs to determine appropriate thresholds and implement economic incentives to promote the adoption of electronic labels and other digital technologies. In the procurement process, these technologies should function as tools for informed decision-making rather than serve as formal inspection items. Additionally, greater efforts are needed to strengthen support for farmers with poor network access and weak digital skills by enhancing their ability to obtain information and apply digital technologies.
[Objective] In the process of comprehensively promoting green development and achieving Chinese modernization featuring harmony between humans and nature, strengthening the resource utilization of livestock and poultry waste is an important task for achieving the dual goals of ecological and environmental protection and economic development. Clarifying the environmental benefits and economic impact of resource utilization of livestock and poultry waste holds significant policy implications for optimizing environmental policies and promoting the sustainable development of the farming industry. [Methods] Based on water quality monitoring data from key sections of China’s major river basins from 2014 to 2022, and taking the county-wide promotion project for resource utilization of livestock and poultry waste as an example, this study used a staggered difference-in-differences model to empirically test the environmental benefits and economic impact of resource utilization of livestock and poultry waste. [Results] (1) The implementation of resource utilization of livestock and poultry waste could reduce the total chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen in the surface water of China’s main rivers by 5.9% and 16.2%, respectively, and this effect was persistent. (2) Local government pressure for pollution control, fiscal capacity, and motivation to develop local livestock and poultry farming helped strengthen the environmental effects of waste resource utilization. (3) The impact of resource utilization of livestock and poultry waste on county-level meat output exhibited a clear U-shaped relationship. In the first 1-2 years after implementation, it suppressed livestock and poultry production, causing an approximate 4.9% national decline in total meat output. In the long run, however, it contributed to an increase in meat output. The short-term impact of livestock and poultry waste resource utilization on livestock and poultry production did not affect residents’ meat and poultry consumption. [Conclusion] County-wide promotion of resource utilization of livestock and poultry waste can significantly improve surface water quality and generate substantial environmental benefits. Although it suppresses livestock and poultry production in the short term, it does not lead to a loss in residents’ meat consumption.
[Objective] Accurately assessing the dynamic changes and effects of grain loss in the front-end stage of post-harvest system for farmers can provide a basis for targeted policy adjustment and optimization, accelerating the implementation of grain-saving and loss-reduction actions, and unlocking loss reduction potential. [Methods] Based on grain loss data from 3655 farmers in 27 provinces obtained from a new nationwide large-scale survey in 2022, this study estimated grain loss in the front-end stage of post-harvest system (harvesting, drying, and storage) of four major grain crops in China (rice, wheat, maize, and soybean), and used scenario simulation to assess the potential for grain saving and loss reduction and its effects on farmers’ income, resource conservation, and food security. [Results] (1) In 2022, the comprehensive loss rate in the front-end stage of post-harvest system of the four grain crops was 4.61%, with a loss amount of 29.6815 million tons. Compared with the 2016-2017 survey results, the loss in China’s front-end stage of post-harvest system decreased by about 2.5 percentage points, saving 17 million tons of grain. (2) Harvest loss was the main source of grain loss in the front-end stage of post-harvest system for farmers, reaching 23.6897 million tons and accounting for 79.81% of the total loss in front-end stage. The loss mainly came from rice and maize, at 11.3021 million tons and 11.3526 million tons, respectively. (3) Scenario simulation showed that if the minimum provincial loss rate in each stage for each crop was taken as the benchmark, the comprehensive loss rate in the front-end stage of post-harvest system could be reduced from 4.61% to 2.35%, indicating nearly 50% room for loss reduction. This would save 14.5704 million tons of grain, meet the annual grain consumption needs of 36.4259 million people, reduce farmers’ income losses by 41.672 billion yuan, save 2.0491 million hm2 of arable land resources, and reduce fertilizer inputs by 0.7319 million tons. [Conclusion] Although the grain loss rate in the front-end stage of post-harvest system for farmers has declined, it still has a serious negative impact on national food security. A regular survey system should be established as soon as possible to accurately identify the key stages and changes in grain loss in the front-end stage of post-harvest system, and targeted policy measures should be adopted to effectively reduce losses.
[Objective] This study aims to investigate the layout characteristics of the structural elements and logical order of public spaces in traditional villages at the river basin scale, thereby providing new insights and methods for the landscape restoration of public spaces in traditional villages. [Methods] Ten typical traditional villages in the Yuanjiang River Basin—Nabi, Dayuan, Laoche, Changpo, Zhushan, Xiaoxi, Huangdu, Ouxi, Dehang, and Yanmen— were selected as case study sites. Research data were collected through field surveys, semi-structured interviews, and textual analysis. By integrating the two theoretical frameworks of “pattern language” and “landscape genes”, this study systematically deconstructed the public spaces of traditional villages across three dimensions—lexicon, syntax, and context—and constructed a pattern language system for public spaces in traditional villages of the Yuanjiang River Basin. [Results] (1) The three types of schematic lexicon—“characters-words-phrases”—deconstructed the spatial elements of traditional villages, presenting the characteristic markers of architectural genes in public spaces of traditional villages. (2) The two types of schematic syntax—“morphology-syntax” —deconstructed the spatial logic of traditional villages, revealing the construction logic of layout genes in public spaces of traditional villages. (3) The three types of pattern context—waterfront-adjacent-to-mountains, waterfront-backed-by-mountains, and waterfront-distant-from-mountains—deconstructed the spatial ambiance of traditional villages, conveying the semantic representations of cultural genes in public spaces of traditional villages. (4) Pingtan Village was selected as a typical case to validate the effectiveness and universality of this pattern language system, and three pathways for the reconstruction of Pingtan Village’s public spaces were proposed: vocabulary protection, phrase optimization, and context maintenance. [Conclusion] By integrating the “pattern language” and “landscape genes” theories, and through the optimization and reorganization of explicit spatial elements and the modernization of implicit cultural order, it is possible to effectively achieve the systematic deconstruction and developmental reconstruction of public spaces in traditional villages.
[Objective] Tourism development is an important pathway for enriching the livelihood strategies of farmers in protected areas, but how it influences their livelihood strategies under ecological conservation remains unclear. This study aims to clarify the influence and its mechanism, thereby providing theoretical and empirical references for achieving sustainable livelihood development for farmers in protected areas. [Methods] Three communities at different stages of tourism development in the Danxia Mountain Nature Reserve were selected as case studies. Data was collected through non-participant observation and in-depth interviews, and analyzed using thematic analysis to examine the characteristics of farmers’ livelihood strategy selection across different stages of tourism development. [Results] (1) As tourism development evolved, farmers’ livelihood strategies gradually shifted from agriculture-industry combined strategies to work-farming-tourism composite strategies and then to tourism-specialized strategies, and farmers’ livelihood vulnerability differed across different stages. (2) Tourism development affected livelihood decision-making by influencing farmers’ livelihood activities, labor allocation, investment strategies, and impact perception, and their decision-making logic gradually transitioned from survival and economic rationality to social rationality. (3) The impact of tourism development on farmers’ livelihood strategies essentially resulted from the interaction between resource management policies and tourism market development characteristics, with household and individual factors playing a moderating role. [Conclusion] Under ecological conservation, tourism development can significantly affect changes in farmers’ livelihood strategies. Farmers’ livelihood strategies are shaped by the synergistic effects of natural, social, household, and individual factors. This study provides new insights into the sustainable livelihoods framework (SLF). To achieve ecological conservation and sustainable livelihood development for farmers in nature reserve, future efforts should focus on improving farmers’ individual capabilities and providing targeted support according to differences in household resources.
