Characteristics of farmers’ willingness to withdraw land contract rights and decision-making logic: An analysis based on survey data from 29 provinces in China
Received date: 2024-11-27
Revised date: 2025-04-13
Online published: 2025-10-13
[Objective] This study aims to clarify the characteristics of farmers’ willingness to participate in the withdrawal of land contract rights (LCR) and reveal their decision-making logic, thereby providing a theoretical basis and decision-making references for the design and practical implementation of LCR withdrawal policies. [Methods] Utilizing national micro-survey data from 2021-2022, a comprehensive investigation was conducted on the characteristic facts such as the farmers’ willingness to withdraw LCR, their choices of withdrawal methods, and their compensation demands. Moreover, the decision-making logic of farmers’ choices regarding the withdrawal of LCR was analyzed from the perspective of the functions of agricultural land. [Results] (1) Nationwide, 46.14% of farmers were willing to withdraw their LCR under certain circumstances. Among them, obtaining government monetary compensation was the most preferred withdrawal method for farmers. There was a certain implementation space for the policy, but the current target group of the policy was relatively limited. (2) Farmers who had obtained urban residency, owned urban housing, held relatively stable non-agricultural jobs, and enjoyed more adequate old-age security—thus better meeting the conditions for land withdrawal—showed a higher willingness to withdraw their LCR. However, they also tended to choose paid withdrawal or demand higher compensation, which presented a contradiction. (3) The production, security, property, and psychological functions of agricultural land were the fundamental factors determining farmers’ withdrawal choices, and strengthening these functions significantly suppressed their willingness to withdraw. Moreover, farmers with different differentiation levels and generational backgrounds exhibited distinct primary demands for the functions of agricultural land. [Conclusion] To effectively promote the withdrawal policies of LCR, the scope of the target group should be appropriately expanded. Differentiated withdrawal compensation schemes should be provided based on farmers’ characteristics and their varying demands for agricultural land functions, thereby achieving “targeted policy implementation”. Efforts should focus on unblocking bottlenecks in compensation funding sources and establishing a scientific and rational compensation system. Meanwhile, policy progress should be appropriately accelerated to prevent further increases in policy implementation costs.
DENG Weihua , MI Yunsheng , CHEN Xiaozhi . Characteristics of farmers’ willingness to withdraw land contract rights and decision-making logic: An analysis based on survey data from 29 provinces in China[J]. Resources Science, 2025 , 47(9) : 1899 -1914 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2025.09.06
表1 农户的承包权退出意愿概况Table 1 Overview of farmers’ willingness to withdraw land contract rights |
| 样本范围 | 样本数/户 | 愿意退出/% | 选项①/% | 选项②/% | 选项③/% | 选项④/% | 选项⑤/% | 选项⑥/% | 选项⑦/% | 选项⑧/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 总样本 | 10408 | 46.14 | 12.00 | 15.18 | 25.27 | 9.87 | 12.95 | 12.62 | 4.65 | 53.86 |
| 城镇落户 | 804 | 53.86 | 11.19 | 14.43 | 29.48 | 7.09 | 11.69 | 12.25 | 7.21 | 46.14 |
| 拥有城镇住房 | 3116 | 47.85 | 10.69 | 14.06 | 27.63 | 8.41 | 11.23 | 11.39 | 4.2 | 52.15 |
| 就业稳定 | 6699 | 46.29 | 11.79 | 14.58 | 25.60 | 9.52 | 13.00 | 12.58 | 5.09 | 53.71 |
| 养老保障完善 | 4039 | 46.57 | 12.28 | 14.43 | 27.01 | 10.89 | 14.66 | 14.16 | 5.52 | 53.43 |
| 离农 | 3592 | 47.49 | 10.50 | 12.03 | 27.23 | 8.32 | 9.49 | 11.19 | 5.37 | 52.51 |
| 撂荒农地 | 1857 | 49.27 | 13.57 | 16.48 | 28.06 | 11.15 | 11.69 | 13.73 | 4.63 | 50.73 |
注:该题项为多项选择。 |
表2 农户的承包权退出方式选择概况Table 2 Overview of farmers’ choices of land contract right withdrawal methods |
| 样本范围 | 样本数/户 | 无偿/% | 选项①/% | 选项②/% | 有偿/% | 选项③/% | 选项④/% | 选项⑤/% | 选项⑥/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 总样本 | 4484 | 28.63 | 14.72 | 13.92 | 71.36 | 6.18 | 18.64 | 33.97 | 12.58 |
| 城镇落户 | 402 | 25.62 | 11.69 | 13.93 | 74.38 | 4.73 | 19.40 | 37.06 | 13.18 |
| 拥有城镇住房 | 1384 | 26.81 | 13.73 | 13.08 | 73.19 | 5.78 | 18.86 | 37.50 | 11.05 |
| 就业稳定 | 2890 | 27.85 | 14.53 | 13.32 | 72.15 | 6.40 | 18.93 | 33.98 | 12.84 |
| 养老保障完善 | 1751 | 25.87 | 13.93 | 11.94 | 74.13 | 6.28 | 20.10 | 33.35 | 14.39 |
| 离农 | 1565 | 25.56 | 11.95 | 13.61 | 74.44 | 4.98 | 17.96 | 38.85 | 12.65 |
| 撂荒农地 | 854 | 29.86 | 14.87 | 14.99 | 70.14 | 4.45 | 19.09 | 32.90 | 13.70 |
表3 农户承包权退出的货币补偿期望概况Table 3 Overview of farmers’ monetary compensation expectations for land contract right withdrawal |
| 样本范围 | 样本数/户 | 平均值/(元/亩) | 中位数/(元/亩) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 总样本 | 1936 | 52032.29 | 15000 |
| 城镇落户 | 167 | 58915.45 | 30000 |
| 拥有城镇住房 | 623 | 66325.52 | 30000 |
| 就业稳定 | 1249 | 49070.05 | 12000 |
| 养老保障完善 | 789 | 46721.30 | 10000 |
| 离农 | 653 | 63696.06 | 30000 |
| 撂荒农地 | 366 | 61446.93 | 22850 |
表4 变量定义与描述性统计Table 4 Variable definitions and descriptive statistics |
| 变量名称 | 变量定义 | 均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 被解释变量 | |||||
| 承包权退出意愿 | 愿意退出=1,否则=0 | 0.461 | 0.498 | 0 | 1.000 |
| 核心解释变量 | |||||
| 生产功能 | 家庭成员主要工作为“务农”的比重 | 0.447 | 0.440 | 0 | 1.000 |
| 就业保障 | 非农就业不稳定的家庭成员比重 | 0.243 | 0.365 | 0 | 1.000 |
| 养老保障 | 家庭劳动者未参与养老保险比重 | 0.353 | 0.357 | 0 | 1.000 |
| 财产实现 | 农地流转收入占家庭总收入的比重 | 0.023 | 0.100 | 0 | 1.000 |
| 财产预期 | 村庄是否经历土地征收,是=1,否=0 | 0.503 | 0.500 | 0 | 1.000 |
| 心理功能 | 具有饥荒经历的家庭成员比重 | 0.574 | 0.495 | 0 | 1.000 |
| 控制变量 | |||||
| 户主性别 | 男性=1,女性=0 | 0.786 | 0.410 | 0 | 1.000 |
| 户主婚姻 | 已婚=1,其他=0 | 0.880 | 0.325 | 0 | 1.000 |
| 户主受教育水平 | 初中及以上=1,否则=0 | 0.573 | 0.495 | 0 | 1.000 |
| 产权认知 | 正确回答“三权”=1,否则=0 | 0.051 | 0.219 | 0 | 1.000 |
| 承包权重要性 | 选择“三权”中承包权最重要=1,否则=0 | 0.116 | 0.3120 | 0 | 1.000 |
| 青少年人口比重 | 家庭18岁及以下人口占总人口比例 | 0.120 | 0.173 | 0 | 0.800 |
| 老年人口比重 | 家庭65岁及以上人口占总人口比例 | 0.280 | 0.375 | 0 | 1.000 |
| 承包地面积 | 亩,取对数 | 1.703 | 0.818 | 0.001 | 7.601 |
| 农地转出 | 是=1,否=0 | 0.211 | 0.408 | 0 | 1.000 |
| 农地转入 | 是=1,否=0 | 0.077 | 0.266 | 0 | 1.000 |
| 家庭总资产 | 万元,取对数 | 12.369 | 1.512 | 7.278 | 16.338 |
注:各变量的样本数均为10170,较特征事实分析的样本数(10408)略有减少,是部分变量缺失所致;“三权”是指农地“三权分置”制度下的集体所有权、土地承包权和土地经营权。 |
表5 农地功能对农户承包权退出意愿的影响Table 5 Impact of agricultural land functions on farmers’ willingness to withdraw land contract rights |
| 变量 | 回归1:logit-回归系数 | 回归2:logit-几率比 |
|---|---|---|
| 生产功能 | -0.157*** (0.059) | 0.855*** (0.051) |
| 就业保障 | -0.164** (0.066) | 0.849** (0.056) |
| 养老保障 | -0.209*** (0.065) | 0.812*** (0.053) |
| 财产实现 | -0.420* (0.232) | 0.657* (0.152) |
| 财产预期 | -0.082* (0.043) | 0.921* (0.040) |
| 心理功能 | -0.116** (0.054) | 0.890** (0.048) |
| 户主性别 | 0.033 (0.052) | 1.033 (0.053) |
| 户主婚姻 | -0.138** (0.065) | 0.871** (0.057) |
| 户主受教育水平 | 0.195*** (0.045) | 1.215*** (0.055) |
| 产权认知 | 0.318*** (0.095) | 1.374*** (0.131) |
| 承包权重要性 | 0.203*** (0.064) | 1.225*** (0.079) |
| 青少年人口比重 | 0.365*** (0.138) | 1.440*** (0.198) |
| 老年人口比重 | 0.285*** (0.079) | 1.330*** (0.105) |
| 承包地面积 | -0.011 (0.031) | 0.989 (0.030) |
| 农地转出 | 0.084 (0.059) | 1.088 (0.064) |
| 农地转入 | 0.220*** (0.078) | 1.247*** (0.097) |
| 家庭总资产 | 0.062*** (0.015) | 1.064*** (0.016) |
| 地区效应 | 控制 | 控制 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.026 | 0.026 |
| 样本量 | 10170 | 10170 |
注:括号内为稳健标准误;***、**、*分别表示在1%、5%和10%的水平上显著。下同。 |
表6 基于农户分化水平的异质性效应Table 6 Heterogeneous effects based on differentiation levels of farmers |
| 变量 | 衡量方式:家庭人均收入 | 衡量方式:家庭人均资产 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) 低分化 | (2) 中等分化 | (3) 高分化 | (4) 低分化 | (5) 中等分化 | (6) 高分化 | ||
| 生产功能 | -0.160** (0.080) | -0.033 (0.106) | -0.175 (0.228) | -0.197** (0.086) | -0.134 (0.095) | -0.180 (0.194) | |
| 就业保障 | -0.013 (0.110) | -0.291*** (0.098) | -0.196 (0.198) | -0.226** (0.100) | -0.160 (0.102) | 0.061 (0.208) | |
| 养老保障 | -0.186** (0.087) | -0.287** (0.114) | 0.070 (0.235) | -0.250*** (0.090) | -0.137 (0.107) | -0.260 (0.224) | |
| 财产实现 | -0.305 (0.270) | -1.326* (0.687) | -0.830 (1.566) | -0.482 (0.318) | -0.432 (0.378) | -0.719 (0.922) | |
| 财产预期 | -0.063 (0.063) | -0.068 (0.068) | -0.218 (0.144) | -0.037 (0.063) | -0.130* (0.068) | -0.123 (0.145) | |
| 心理功能 | -0.100 (0.079) | -0.017 (0.084) | -0.637*** (0.190) | -0.093 (0.078) | -0.108 (0.087) | -0.372** (0.188) | |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.027 | 0.031 | 0.059 | 0.029 | 0.028 | 0.054 | |
| 样本量 | 3390 | 3390 | 3390 | 3390 | 3390 | 3390 | |
注:列(5)“就业保障”变量回归所得系数的p值为0.117。回归均控制了控制变量与地区效应。下同。 |
表7 基于代际差异的异质性效应Table 7 Heterogeneous effects based on intergenerational differences |
| 变量 | 老一代农户 | 新生代农户 |
|---|---|---|
| 生产功能 | -0.176** (0.084) | -0.399 (0.278) |
| 就业保障 | -0.245*** (0.074) | -0.280 (0.182) |
| 养老保障 | -0.213*** (0.076) | 0.018 (0.276) |
| 财产实现 | -0.392 (0.253) | -1.741* (1.025) |
| 财产预期 | -0.040 (0.056) | -0.324** (0.148) |
| 心理功能 | -0.102* (0.062) | 0.222 (0.309) |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.026 | 0.053 |
| 样本量 | 8998 | 1164 |
表8 农地功能对农户承包权退出方式选择与补偿诉求的影响Table 8 Impact of agricultural land functions on farmers’ choices of land contract right withdrawal methods and compensation demands |
| 变量 | Heckprobit | Heckman | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 有偿退出 | 补偿诉求 | ||
| 生产功能 | 0.052 (0.054) | -0.118 (0.240) | |
| 就业保障 | 0.096 (0.060) | 0.338 (0.290) | |
| 养老保障 | -0.036 (0.060) | 0.031 (0.265) | |
| 财产实现 | 0.658*** (0.243) | 2.002** (0.870) | |
| 财产预期 | 0.091** (0.038) | 0.654*** (0.188) | |
| 心理功能 | 0.034 (0.039) | -0.027 (0.185) | |
| 独立性检验 | chi2(1)=5.1,P-val=0.024 | chi2(1)=78.86,P-val=0.000 | |
| 样本量 | 9591/4111 | 8792/3312 |
注:样本量中,“/”前后分别表示Heckprobit模型和Heckman模型一阶段和二阶段回归的样本量。 |
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