Characteristics and challenges of air-ground coordination for low-altitude drone delivery: A case study of Shenzhen
Received date: 2025-05-12
Revised date: 2025-07-26
Online published: 2025-09-09
[Objective] As an important application scenario of the low-altitude economy, drone delivery has been developing rapidly, placing higher demands on the integrated utilization of air and ground resources. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the organizational characteristics and key challenges of air-ground coordination based on practical cases, providing references for the coordination and shared use of airspace resources. [Methods] This study took Shenzhen as a case study, selecting two representative companies, S and M. Through continuous field surveys and in-depth interviews conducted from July 2024 to April 2025, it systematically analyzed their operational models, spatial layouts, and flight route planning. [Results] (1) The existing air-ground coordination operational models were shaped by business model requirements, forming two distinct models: an interconnected direct model anchored at network nodes, and an end-responsive model anchored at commercial districts. (2) The different operational models led to significant differences in air-ground coordination layouts: Company S established a multi-node, coordinated, and large-scale transport network by relying on self-operated distribution centers and delivery outlets, while Company M developed a dense, single-center service system focused on commercial districts. (3) Differences in spatial layout further influenced the interaction between flight routes and ground networks. Company S generally located its facilities in open areas such as logistics parks, resulting in higher flexibility in flight route planning. Company M operated at altitudes lower than densely built urban high-rise buildings, facing more complex spatial constraints. [Conclusion] Low-altitude delivery systems effectively leverage the flexibility and efficiency of drones, expanding service coverage and improving overall delivery efficiency through integration with ground transportation systems. In the future, it is essential to enhance the coordination and shared use of airspace resources, advance the deep integration of drone delivery with ground transportation infrastructure, and address coordination and connectivity challenges such as gaining access to communities and buildings.
XIAO Zuopeng , ZHANG Weicong , LI Yiyang , ZHANG Chengbo , SUN Xixiong . Characteristics and challenges of air-ground coordination for low-altitude drone delivery: A case study of Shenzhen[J]. Resources Science, 2025 , 47(8) : 1663 -1674 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2025.08.05
图3 M企业在深圳开展无人机配送的航线及起降场注:基于广东省自然资源厅标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为粤S(2023)117号的标准地图制作,底图无修改。 Figure 3 Flight routes and take-off/landing sites of drone delivery services provided by Company M in Shenzhen |
表1 M企业在深圳开展无人机配送服务的基本情况Table 1 Basic information of drone delivery services provided by Company M in Shenzhen |
| 序号 | 商圈 | 区域 | 空投柜数量/个 | 平均航距/m | 平均配送时间/min |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 民治天虹 | 龙华 | 5 | 2036 | 27 |
| 2 | 壹方天地 | 龙华 | 3 | 1755 | 39 |
| 3 | 龙岗万科广场 | 龙岗 | 3 | 761 | 32 |
| 4 | 海雅缤纷城 | 宝安 | 1 | 2472 | 35 |
| 5 | 星河Cocopark | 福田 | 6 | 1707 | 30 |
| 6 | 龙岗星河 | 龙岗 | 6 | 483 | 28 |
| 7 | 宝能环球汇 | 南山 | 6 | 1609 | 28 |
| 8 | 益田假日广场 | 南山 | 5 | 1829 | 37 |
| 9 | 海岸城 | 南山 | 3 | 2476 | 34 |
| 10 | 深业上城 | 福田 | 3 | 1430 | 33 |
| 平均值 | 4 | 1656 | 32 | ||
表2 深圳市M企业无人机空投柜的服务类型Table 2 Service types of drone delivery lockers operated by Company M in Shenzhen |
| 服务类型 | 空投柜数量/个 | 占比/% |
|---|---|---|
| 公园景区 | 16 | 39.0 |
| 社区住宅 | 9 | 22.0 |
| 写字楼 | 8 | 19.5 |
| 高校教育 | 4 | 9.7 |
| 交通枢纽 | 2 | 4.9 |
| 图书馆 | 2 | 4.9 |
| 总数 | 41 | 100.0 |
表3 深圳市低空飞行高度分层建议Table 3 Recommended altitude stratification for low-altitude flight in Shenzhen |
| 飞行高度/m | 障碍物比例/% | 主要运行航空器 | 应用场景 |
|---|---|---|---|
| (0, 120] | 84.6 | 消费级无人机 | 个人航拍 |
| (120, 200] | 6.5 | 短途配送无人机 | 即时配送、应急医疗、样本转运 |
| (200, 300] | 4.7 | 城际/区域配送无人机 | 快递物流 |
| (300, 600] | 0.9 | 直升机、eVTOL | 城市空中交通、应急救援 |
注:深圳市600 m以上空域为机场特殊用途区域,其他未设限制的城市,直升机等飞行器可在空管许可下拓展运行高度至1000 m。 |
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