Dynamic benchmark setting for steel industry from the perspective of stable expansion of carbon market:Based on survey data from steel enterprises in Shanxi Province
Received date: 2024-03-23
Revised date: 2024-09-13
Online published: 2025-05-12
[Objective] Conducting research on dynamic methodologies for setting carbon allowance benchmarks in the steel industry and scientifically allocating initial allowances in the carbon market are of significant theoretical and practical importance. These efforts are critical for the stable expansion of the national carbon market and for effectively addressing challenges such as the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). [Methods] Based on survey data from 47 steel enterprises in Shanxi Province, this study employed a multi-scenario simulation method, including four scenarios: stable carbon market expansion, moderate emission reduction, planned emission reduction, and enhanced emission reduction. This study calculated the industry benchmark value for 2020 and evaluated the compliance pressure of enterprises. The marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) was utilized to analyze the technological emission reduction costs under different scenarios. Furthermore, a horizontal comparative analysis method was applied, revealing the differentiated characteristics of scenario-based benchmarks compared to the EU carbon market benchmark and their potential impact on the steel industry. [Results] (1) There were significant differences in carbon emission intensities across various processes in the iron and steel industry. The ironmaking process exhibited the highest carbon emission intensity, accounting for more than 65% of total corporate emissions. (2) When allocating carbon allowances in the steel industry using the benchmark method, it was recommended to prioritize a stable expansion scenario benchmark first. Then, a gradual transition to moderate emission reduction scenario and planned emission reduction scenario should be pursued. The stringent emission reduction scenarios should be chosen cautiously due to excessive pressure on enterprises. (3) The moderate and the planned emission reduction scenarios had significant advantages in terms of methodology and emission reduction, and they could be promoted to other industries and regions. (4) The national carbon market could increase carbon emission cost by dynamically tightening the benchmark, effectively mitigating the impact of the CBAM. [Conclusion] Phased and differentiated benchmark setting is one of the key factors for ensuring the stable and orderly expansion of the steel industry in the national carbon market. It is recommended to focus on standardizing the collection of corporate basic carbon emission data and advancing the refinement of benchmark formulation. Meanwhile, a systematic plan should be developed, which integrates the establishment of carbon market emission control industry benchmark, total emission control mechanisms, and carbon intensity target assessment. Through policy coordination, this can enable the precise transmission of regional carbon intensity targets to key industries.
JI Hongjie , YANG Jun , CONG Jianhui , ZHAO Yongbin . Dynamic benchmark setting for steel industry from the perspective of stable expansion of carbon market:Based on survey data from steel enterprises in Shanxi Province[J]. Resources Science, 2025 , 47(4) : 786 -802 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2025.04.09
表1 2020年钢铁行业碳配额平衡值及盈亏分析Table 1 Analysis of balance values of carbon quota and profit and loss for steel industry in 2020 |
| 序号 | 工序 | 平衡值/ (tCO2/t) | 盈余企业 占比/% | 亏损企业 占比/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 焦化 | 0.2890 | 66.67 | 33.33 |
| 2 | 烧结 | 0.1640 | 57.14 | 42.86 |
| 3 | 球团 | 0.0349 | 78.57 | 21.43 |
| 4 | 炼铁 | 1.5039 | 35.71 | 64.29 |
| 5 | 炼钢 | 0.0156 | 43.48 | 56.52 |
| 6 | 轧钢 | 0.0614 | 65.38 | 34.62 |
| 7 | 石灰 | 0.1691 | 58.82 | 41.18 |
| 8 | 合计 | — | 59.57 | 40.43 |
图3 SCME情景下钢铁行业碳配额盈亏分析注:图3未显示的24#企业碳配额亏损率达14.48%,可能由于其工艺仅含焦化(占主导)及炼铁工序,且焦化副产品二次能源利用率不足,叠加核算边界偏差,小企业数据规范性不足等原因所致。因其规模较小,对行业整体影响有限。 Figure 3 Analysis of carbon quota profit and loss for steel industry under SCME scenario |
表2 2020年烧结工序MER情景下各基准线及盈亏分析Table 2 Analysis of carbon quota benchmarks and profit and loss for sintering process under MER scenario in 2020 |
| 序号 | 基准线/(tCO2/t) | 配额量/万t | 盈亏量/万t | 盈亏量占比/% | 盈余企业占比/% | 亏损企业占比/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.0947 | 810.80 | -593.70 | -42.27 | 4.76 | 95.24 |
| 2 | 0.1403 | 1201.15 | -203.34 | -14.48 | 21.43 | 78.57 |
| 3 | 0.1574 | 1347.62 | -56.87 | -4.05 | 45.24 | 54.76 |
| 4 | 0.1641 | 1404.88 | 0.39 | 0.03 | 59.52 | 40.48 |
| 5 | 0.1774 | 1518.61 | 114.12 | 8.13 | 73.81 | 26.19 |
| 6 | 0.2451 | 2098.73 | 694.23 | 49.43 | 90.48 | 9.52 |
表3 2020年钢铁行业MER情景基准线及盈亏分析Table 3 Analysis of carbon quota benchmarks and profit and loss for steel industry under MER scenario in 2020 |
| MER | 基准值/ (tCO2/t) | 碳强度下 降率/% | 配额量 /万t | 配额盈亏 量/万t | 配额盈亏 占比/% | 企业盈余 占比/% | 企业亏损 占比/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 焦化工序 | 0.2591 | -11.53 | 203.31 | -23.47 | -10.35 | 66.67 | 33.33 |
| 烧结工序 | 0.1574 | -4.22 | 1347.62 | -56.87 | -4.05 | 45.24 | 54.76 |
| 球团工序 | 0.0328 | -6.54 | 28.29 | -1.86 | -6.17 | 78.57 | 21.43 |
| 炼铁工序 | 1.4485 | -3.82 | 8942.12 | -342.17 | -3.69 | 23.81 | 76.19 |
| 炼钢工序 | 0.0155 | -0.44 | 103.47 | -0.38 | -0.37 | 43.48 | 56.52 |
| 轧钢工序 | 0.0605 | -1.50 | 362.05 | -1.05 | -0.29 | 65.38 | 34.62 |
| 石灰工序 | 0.1623 | -4.18 | 72.86 | -3.07 | -4.04 | 58.82 | 41.18 |
| 钢铁行业合计 | 11065.64 | -427.69 | -3.72 | 27.66 | 72.34 | ||
图5 MER情景下钢铁行业碳配额盈亏分析注:图5未显示的26#、48#企业碳配额亏损率分别为10.89%、5.53%,经进一步分析,均为以炼铁为主的铸造类企业,流程短,但其生产规模相对较小,对整个钢铁行业影响依然可以忽略。 Figure 5 Analysis of carbon quota profit and loss for steel industry under MER scenario |
表4 2020年钢铁行业PER情景基准线及盈亏分析Table 4 Analysis of carbon quota benchmarks and profit and loss for steel industry under PER scenario in 2020 |
| PER | 基准值/ (tCO2/t) | 碳强度下 降率/% | 配额量 /万t | 配额盈亏 量/万t | 配额盈亏 占比/% | 企业盈余 占比/% | 企业亏损 占比/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 焦化工序 | 0.2642 | -8.57 | 207.33 | -19.44 | -9.38 | 66.67 | 33.33 |
| 烧结工序 | 0.1499 | -8.61 | 1283.58 | -120.91 | -9.42 | 33.33 | 66.67 |
| 球团工序 | 0.0319 | -8.71 | 27.52 | -2.62 | -9.54 | 78.57 | 21.43 |
| 炼铁工序 | 1.3748 | -8.59 | 8487.22 | -797.06 | -9.39 | 11.90 | 88.10 |
| 炼钢工序 | 0.0143 | -8.40 | 95.13 | -8.72 | -9.17 | 39.13 | 60.87 |
| 轧钢工序 | 0.0561 | -8.60 | 336.10 | -31.62 | -9.41 | 61.54 | 38.46 |
| 石灰工序 | 0.1546 | -8.58 | 69.41 | -6.51 | -9.38 | 58.82 | 41.18 |
| 钢铁行业合计 | 10506.34 | -910.97 | -8.67 | 16.67 | 83.33 | ||
表5 2020年钢铁行业EER情景基准线及盈亏分析Table 5 Analysis of carbon quota benchmarks and profit and loss for steel industry under EER scenario in 2020 |
| EER | 基准值/ (tCO2/t) | 碳强度下 降率/% | 配额量 /万t | 配额盈亏 量/万t | 配额盈亏 占比/% | 企业盈余 占比/% | 企业亏损 占比/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 焦化工序 | 0.1643 | -43.14 | 128.95 | -97.83 | -43.13 | 4.76 | 95.24 |
| 烧结工序 | 0.0840 | -48.79 | 719.24 | -685.26 | -48.80 | 2.38 | 97.62 |
| 球团工序 | 0.0114 | -67.47 | 9.81 | -20.34 | -67.56 | 4.76 | 95.24 |
| 炼铁工序 | 1.1368 | -24.41 | 7018.18 | -2266.10 | -24.41 | 7.14 | 92.86 |
| 炼钢工序 | 0.0088 | -43.17 | 59.02 | -44.84 | -43.08 | 19.05 | 80.95 |
| 轧钢工序 | 0.0242 | -60.56 | 145.09 | -222.76 | -60.59 | 4.76 | 95.24 |
| 石灰工序 | 0.0155 | -90.83 | 6.96 | -68.96 | -90.83 | 4.76 | 95.24 |
| 钢铁行业合计 | 8087.24 | -3406.09 | -29.64 | 4.76 | 95.24 | ||
表6 钢铁行业2020年基准线测算结果 (tCO2/t)Table 6 Benchmark calculation results for steel industry in 2020 (tCO2/t) |
| 基准线情景 | 焦化 | 烧结 | 球团 | 炼铁 | 炼钢 | 轧钢 | 石灰 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCME | 0.2890 | 0.1640 | 0.0349 | 1.5039 | 0.0156 | 0.0614 | 0.1691 |
| MER | 0.2591 | 0.1574 | 0.0328 | 1.4485 | 0.0155 | 0.0605 | 0.1623 |
| PER | 0.2642 | 0.1499 | 0.0319 | 1.3748 | 0.0143 | 0.0561 | 0.1546 |
| EER | 0.1643 | 0.0840 | 0.0114 | 1.1368 | 0.0088 | 0.0242 | 0.0155 |
表7 山西省钢铁行业2020年各基准线配额盈亏情况Table 7 Profit and loss of various benchmark quotas for steel industry in Shanxi Province in 2020 |
| 基准线情景 | 配额量/万t | 配额盈亏量/万t | 减排强度/% | 盈余企业占比/% | 亏损企业占比/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCME | 11493.16 | -0.17 | 0.00 | 55.32 | 44.68 |
| MER | 11065.64 | -427.69 | -3.72 | 27.66 | 72.34 |
| PER | 10506.31 | -986.85 | -8.59 | 16.67 | 83.33 |
| EER | 8087.19 | -3405.97 | -29.63 | 4.76 | 95.24 |
表8 中国钢铁行业基准线与欧盟对比情况Table 8 Comparison of steel industry benchmarks between China's carbon trading market and EU-ETS |
| 情景 | 焦化/% | 烧结/% | 炼铁/% | 电炉炼钢/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EU-ETS基准值/ (tCO2/t产品) | 0.2860 | 0.1710 | 1.3280 | 0.3175 |
| SCME | 1.05 | -4.09 | 13.25 | -26.83 |
| MER | -9.41 | -7.95 | 9.07 | -26.83 |
| PER | -7.63 | -12.33 | 3.52 | -33.12 |
| EER | -42.55 | -50.87 | -14.40 | -26.83 |
注:“+”“-”分别代表高于、低于EU-ETS基准值。EU-ETS不包括球团、转炉炼钢、轧钢、石灰工序,在此不作比较。 |
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