Review on development and utilization of offshore renewable energy: An analysis based on a five-dimensional framework
Received date: 2024-05-21
Revised date: 2024-09-18
Online published: 2025-05-12
Offshore renewable energy boasts abundant potential and exhibits characteristics of synergistic development. However, it also faces challenges such as complex environmental conditions, low reliability, and spatial competition. Moreover, its interdisciplinary theoretical foundations have not yet been fully understood, and a systematic understanding of sustainable development pathways is lacking. From the perspective of energy geography, a research framework encompassing five dimensions—potential, technology, industry, space, and governance is developed. Through multidimensional integration and cross-domain analysis, the study systematically reviews the research progress in the development and utilization of offshore renewable energy, including potential assessment, technological development, industrial synergy, spatial evaluation, and impact governance. The review indicates that: (1) Offshore renewable energy is still in its early stage, characterized by “diverse energy types with great potential but technological imbalance, and abundant application scenarios but insufficient integration”. Specifically, offshore wind power technology is mature and dominates development. Energy industry development approaches are diverse with various integration scenarios, while single-mode development still prevails in the short term. Development and utilization offer significant environmental benefits, but may lead to risk transfer. (2) Scientific research, technological development, and industrial integration practices lag far behind the actual needs of offshore resources development and utilization. This is manifested in large discrepancies in assessment results due to different evaluation scales for energy potential, and inconsistent evaluation criteria within the same scale. Immature technological development and poor economic viability of industrial integration hinder efficient development and utilization of marine resources. Spatial assessments focus primarily on planar site selection and optimization, with limited research on three-dimensional marine utilization and the integration of energy and industrial production. The ecological impact mechanisms of development and utilization remain unclear. (3) To promote coordinated development across the five dimensions, offshore renewable energy development should focus on unifying potential assessment standards, enhancing techno-economic efficiency, promoting industrial integration, optimizing spatial utilization, and improving the governance framework. These efforts will support the efficient use of marine resources and the high-quality development of the marine economy. This review provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and advancing offshore renewable energy development, offering valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders.
DU Wenjie , CAI Guotian , Qi Xiaoling , WANG Peng , ZHANG Jixiang . Review on development and utilization of offshore renewable energy: An analysis based on a five-dimensional framework[J]. Resources Science, 2025 , 47(4) : 675 -690 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2025.04.01
表1 国内外海上可再生能源技术成熟度、发展阶段与平准化度电成本(LCOE)对比Table 1 Comparison of technology maturity, development stages, and LCOE of offshore renewable energy at home and abroad |
| 能源技术 | 国际 | 国内 | LCOE/($/kWh) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 成熟度 | 发展阶段 | 成熟度 | 发展阶段 | |||
| 海上风电 | 9 | 商业化阶段 | 9 | 商业化阶段 | 0.09(固定式);0.16(漂浮式) | |
| 潮汐能发电 | 6~9 | 预商业化-商业化阶段 | 9 | 商业化阶段 | 0.20~0.45 | |
| 潮流能发电 | 3~8 | 原型-商业化阶段 | 7~8 | 预商业化阶段 | 0.20~0.45 | |
| 波浪能发电 | 1~8 | 研究-预商业化阶段 | 1~6 | 研究-工程示范阶段 | 0.30~0.55 | |
| 水上光伏 | 4~6 | 工程示范阶段 | 3~6 | 研究-工程示范阶段 | 0.35 | |
| 温差能发电 | 5~9 | 工程示范-商业化阶段 | 4~5 | 工程示范阶段 | 0.20~0.67 | |
| 盐差能发电 | 1~6 | 研究-原型阶段 | 1~3 | 研究阶段 | 0.11~2.37 | |
表2 能产融合场景主导能源及开发方式Table 2 Dominant energy sources and development approaches in energy-industry integration scenarios |
| 融合场景 | 国外 | 国内 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 主导能源 | 开发方式 | 主导能源 | 开发方式 | ||
| 能氢融合 | 风能 | 空间融合 | 风能 | 空间融合 | |
| 能油融合 | 风能 | 空间融合 | 风能 | 空间融合 | |
| 能淡融合 | 波浪能 | 结构融合 | 波浪能 | 结构融合 | |
| 能渔融合 | 风能 | 空间融合 | 风能 | 结构融合 | |
| 能旅融合 | 风能 | 空间融合 | 太阳能、波浪能 | 结构融合 | |
| 能观融合 | 太阳能 | 结构融合 | 太阳能 | 结构融合 | |
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