The impact and mechanism of polycentric structure within Chinese cities on carbon emission intensity
Received date: 2023-10-28
Revised date: 2024-01-16
Online published: 2024-08-29
[Objective] As China transitions from mid-stage to late-stage urbanization, the polycentric structure of cities is accelerating. This study explored its impact on carbon emission intensity and the underlying mechanisms. From a spatial planning perspective, it aimed to provide new insights for low-carbon city construction. [Methods] The study examined 279 prefecture-level and above cities in China from 2006 to 2020. Using a two-way fixed effects model, instrumental variables, and propensity score matching, it empirically tested the carbon emission reduction effects of the urban polycentric structure and its underlying mechanisms. [Results] (1) From 2006 to 2020, urban carbon emission intensity showed a declining trend. Spatially, it exhibited a core-periphery structure and provincial boundary phenomena, with minor changes in the east-west gap and an increase in the north-south gap. The urban polycentric structure showed an upward trend with stable geographic clustering characteristics. (2) The polycentric structure significantly reduced carbon emission intensity, but there is regional heterogeneity. It was higher in eastern and western cities compared to central cities and higher in southern cities compared to northern cities. Additionally, it was only present in economically advanced cities and cities with a large population. (3) The mechanism analyses indicated that the urban polycentric structure reduced carbon emission intensity through three pathways: promoting faster development of the service industry, optimizing land use structure, and attracting high-productivity enterprises. However, whether enterprise location choices result in sectoral-specific or mixed clustering varied between cities. [Conclusion] In the new stage of urbanization, supporting the development of polycentric cities is necessary. However, it is crucial to understand the preconditions for the effective carbon emission reduction effects of the urban polycentric structure and to create smooth transmission channels.
ZOU Xuan , YANG Xu , LIU Chen . The impact and mechanism of polycentric structure within Chinese cities on carbon emission intensity[J]. Resources Science, 2024 , 46(7) : 1284 -1298 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2024.07.04
表1 主要变量的描述性统计Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the main variables |
| 变量/单位 | 符号 | 样本量 | 平均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 碳排放强度/(万t/亿元) | Ci | 4160 | 2.678 | 3.011 | 0.035 | 32.132 |
| 多中心结构 | lnPoly | 4160 | 0.205 | 0.175 | 0.000 | 0.683 |
| 经济水平/元 | lnRgdp | 4160 | 10.726 | 0.679 | 8.079 | 12.695 |
| 人口规模/万人 | lnPop | 4160 | 4.641 | 0.785 | 2.703 | 7.821 |
| 投资强度 | Inves | 4160 | 2.573 | 1.800 | 0.060 | 19.150 |
| 产业结构 | Industry | 4160 | 0.479 | 0.122 | 0.095 | 0.909 |
| 外商投资 | Fdi | 4160 | 0.018 | 0.019 | 0.000 | 0.205 |
| 财政压力 | Fiscal | 4160 | 0.168 | 0.108 | 0.010 | 2.702 |
| 环境规制 | Er | 4160 | 0.067 | 0.542 | 0.000 | 22.034 |
| 电耗强度/(kW·h/元) | Energy | 4160 | 0.247 | 0.345 | 0.011 | 4.277 |
表2 基准回归及内生性检验结果Table 2 Benchmark regression and endogeneity test results |
| 固定效应 | 工具变量 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) Ci | (2) Ci | (3) Ci | (4) Ci | (5) Ci | (6) Ci | (7) Ci | (8) Ci | ||
| lnPoly | -2.129*** | -1.204** | -0.706* | -1.058*** | -1.848*** | -1.358*** | -3.625*** | -3.151*** | |
| (0.585) | (0.470) | (0.375) | (0.389) | (0.488) | (0.426) | (0.657) | (0.652) | ||
| lnRgdp | -1.358*** | -1.121*** | -0.918*** | -0.892*** | |||||
| (0.220) | (0.282) | (0.192) | (0.196) | ||||||
| lnPop | -1.446*** | -1.642*** | -1.503*** | -1.498*** | |||||
| (0.261) | (0.305) | (0.159) | (0.167) | ||||||
| Inves | -0.027 | 0.002 | 0.014 | 0.016 | |||||
| (0.036) | (0.041) | (0.022) | (0.023) | ||||||
| Industry | -0.176 | -0.179 | -0.150* | -0.156* | |||||
| (0.185) | (0.180) | (0.086) | (0.088) | ||||||
| Fdi | -4.922** | -7.363*** | -6.873*** | -7.261*** | |||||
| (2.127) | (2.387) | (1.610) | (1.677) | ||||||
| Fiscal | 0.816 | 1.246* | 1.301** | 1.513* | |||||
| (0.646) | (0.717) | (0.651) | (0.782) | ||||||
| Er | 0.236* | 0.205* | 0.164*** | 0.165*** | |||||
| (0.125) | (0.106) | (0.056) | (0.054) | ||||||
| Energy | 1.466*** | 1.429*** | 1.717*** | 1.836*** | |||||
| (0.506) | (0.511) | (0.323) | (0.413) | ||||||
| _Cons | 3.124*** | 4.839*** | 24.164*** | 23.116*** | |||||
| (0.228) | (0.176) | (2.426) | (3.247) | ||||||
| 第一阶段系数 | 0.033*** (0.002) | 0.033*** (0.003) | 0.022*** (0.000) | 0.023*** (0.000) | |||||
| Kleibergen-Paap rk LM | 194.169*** | 193.060*** | 156.807*** | 154.471*** | |||||
| 第一阶段F值 | 176.717 | 175.114 | 154.328 | 154.017 | |||||
| 个体固定 | No | YES | No | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | |
| 时间固定 | No | YES | No | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | |
| N | 4160 | 4160 | 4160 | 4160 | 3887 | 3887 | 3887 | 3887 | |
| R2 | 0.251 | 0.361 | 0.421 | 0.473 | 0.319 | 0.450 | 0.320 | 0.445 | |
注:括号内是稳健标准误,*、**和***分别表示在10%、5%和1%的水平上显著。下同。 |
表3 平衡性检验及反事实检验结果Table 3 Balance test and counterfactual test results |
| 匹配方法 | 匹配前后解释变量的平衡性检验结果 | 反事实效应评估结果 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ps R2 | LR值 | P值 | MeanBias | MedBias | Treated | Controls | ATT | T值 | ||
| 匹配前 | 0.029 | 99.46 | 0.000 | 14.4 | 12.9 | |||||
| 最近邻匹配(k=1) | 0.005 | 7.62 | 0.573 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 2.153 | 2.440 | -0.288*** | -4.85 | |
| 最近邻匹配(k=3) | 0.001 | 1.85 | 0.991 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 2.153 | 2.456 | -0.303** | -2.51 | |
| 卡尺匹配(k=3, ε=0.01) | 0.001 | 1.85 | 0.994 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 2.153 | 2.456 | -0.303** | -2.51 | |
| 半径匹配(ε=0.01) | 0.000 | 0.52 | 0.997 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 2.153 | 2.447 | -0.294*** | -2.98 | |
| 核匹配(最优带宽) | 0.002 | 3.48 | 0.942 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 2.153 | 2.523 | -0.370*** | -3.87 | |
表4 核心变量的稳健性检验结果Table 4 Robustness test results of core variables |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ci | Ci | Ci | Ci | Ci_CEADs | Ci_ODICA | Ci_SUM | |
| Poly_1 | -0.374** | ||||||
| (0.173) | |||||||
| lnPoly_2 | -0.228** | ||||||
| (0.106) | |||||||
| lnPoly_3 | -0.194* | ||||||
| (0.099) | |||||||
| lnPoly_4 | -0.799*** | ||||||
| (0.202) | |||||||
| lnPoly | -0.547** | -0.542** | -0.923*** | ||||
| (0.263) | (0.240) | (0.313) | |||||
| _Cons | 23.099*** | 23.133*** | 17.522*** | 19.204*** | 14.611*** | 12.893*** | 15.967*** |
| (3.287) | (3.262) | (0.991) | (3.058) | (2.553) | (1.896) | (2.334) | |
| 控制变量 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 个体固定 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 时间固定 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| N | 4160 | 4160 | 3551 | 4160 | 3322 | 3873 | 3886 |
| R2 | 0.455 | 0.456 | 0.468 | 0.578 | 0.590 | 0.498 | 0.388 |
注:控制变量与表2相同。下同。 |
表5 剔除特殊样本及考虑空间效应的稳健性Table 5 Robustness of excluding special samples and considering spatial effects |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 双边缩尾1% | 剔除特殊年份 | 剔除特殊城市 | 剔除无/单中心 | 考虑空间效应 | |
| Ci | Ci | Ci | Ci | Ci | |
| lnPoly | -0.967*** | -1.161** | -1.052*** | -0.745** | -0.693*** |
| (0.369) | (0.465) | (0.390) | (0.366) | (0.207) | |
| _Cons | 21.848*** | 22.053*** | 23.280*** | 17.759*** | 25.048** |
| (3.153) | (3.290) | (3.281) | (3.871) | (11.231) | |
| 控制变量 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 个体固定 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 时间固定 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| N | 4037 | 3886 | 4086 | 3013 | 4185 |
| R2 | 0.557 | 0.468 | 0.474 | 0.563 | 0.086 |
表6 异质性检验结果Table 6 Heterogeneity test results |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 东部 | 中部 | 西部 | 南方 | 北方 | |
| Ci | Ci | Ci | Ci | Ci | |
| lnPoly | -1.322** | -0.314 | -1.471** | -1.836*** | -0.042 |
| (0.609) | (0.501) | (0.644) | (0.557) | (0.515) | |
| _Cons | 8.085 | 29.956*** | 16.507*** | 13.633*** | 33.076*** |
| (6.727) | (4.698) | (5.043) | (4.032) | (4.481) | |
| 控制变量 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 个体固定 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 时间固定 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| N | 1256 | 1683 | 1221 | 2250 | 1910 |
| R2 | 0.492 | 0.503 | 0.558 | 0.472 | 0.523 |
| (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | ||
| 经济高水平城市 | 经济低水平城市 | 人口大城市 | 人口中小城市 | ||
| Ci | Ci | Ci | Ci | ||
| lnPoly | -0.938*** | 0.082 | -1.076** | -0.631 | |
| (0.320) | (0.541) | (0.477) | (0.533) | ||
| _Cons | 10.931*** | 29.457*** | 6.202 | 31.014*** | |
| (2.490) | (4.827) | (4.049) | (3.893) | ||
| 控制变量 | YES | YES | YES | YES | |
| 个体固定 | YES | YES | YES | YES | |
| 时间固定 | YES | YES | YES | YES | |
| N | 2171 | 1989 | 1733 | 2427 | |
| R2 | 0.498 | 0.466 | 0.606 | 0.499 |
表7 服务业发展的机制检验结果Table 7 Mechanism test results of service industry development effect |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| S_VA | S_EP | S_NE | |
| lnPoly | 0.018* | 0.003** | 0.007* |
| (0.011) | (0.001) | (0.004) | |
| _Cons | -0.276*** | -0.161 | 5.443*** |
| (0.096) | (0.119) | (0.369) | |
| 控制变量 | YES | YES | YES |
| 个体固定 | YES | YES | YES |
| 时间固定 | YES | YES | YES |
| N | 4160 | 4160 | 3912 |
| R2 | 0.367 | 0.174 | 0.203 |
表8 土地利用结构的机制检验结果Table 8 Mechanism test results of land use structure effect |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Impervious | Agriculture | Cropland | Ecology | |
| lnPoly | -0.008*** | 0.006** | 0.023*** | -0.017*** |
| (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.004) | |
| _Cons | 0.134*** | 0.823*** | 0.525*** | 0.298*** |
| (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.019) | (0.016) | |
| 控制变量 | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 个体固定 | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 时间固定 | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| N | 4160 | 4160 | 4160 | 4160 |
| R2 | 0.620 | 0.559 | 0.276 | 0.660 |
表9 企业区位选择效应的机制检验结果Table 9 Mechanism test results of enterprise location selection effect |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 全样本 | 东部 | 中部 | 西部 | 经济高水平城市 | 经济低水平城市 | |
| lnTfp | lnTfp | lnTfp | lnTfp | lnTfp | lnTfp | |
| lnPoly | 0.016 | 0.053** | -0.058 | 0.033 | 0.033** | 0.023 |
| (0.020) | (0.024) | (0.058) | (0.030) | (0.014) | (0.030) | |
| _Cons | 0.419 | -0.543 | 1.080** | 0.570 | 1.182*** | 0.632** |
| (0.340) | (1.112) | (0.447) | (0.564) | (0.257) | (0.285) | |
| 控制变量 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 个体固定 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 时间固定 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| N | 2281 | 781 | 984 | 516 | 1039 | 1242 |
| R2 | 0.183 | 0.166 | 0.214 | 0.253 | 0.143 | 0.209 |
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