The influencing factors and formation mechanism of national well-being from production-living-ecological perspective
Received date: 2023-09-01
Revised date: 2024-02-20
Online published: 2024-06-26
[Objective] By analyzing the influencing factors of national well-being and its formation mechanism, this study aimed to provide a reference basis for governments to formulate targeted strategies to improve national well-being. [Methods] Based on the human’s production-living-ecological space, this study proposed an analytical framework from the production-living-ecological perspective. Employing the aggregated national well-being data of 146 countries in 2005-2018, this study used the two-way fixed effects model and stepwise causality test to analyze the influence of production-living-ecological factors on national well-being and its mechanism. [Results] The results show that: (1) In the spatial dimension, the pattern of global national well-being is characterized by the tripolar distribution of northern Europe, northern America, and Oceania. Most western and southern Asian and African countries have low levels of national well-being; In the temporal dimension, global national well-being showed a trend towards diversification, and the temporal trends of national well-being varied obviously across countries within each continent. (2) Among production factors, a higher Gini index of income is detrimental to national well-being; Among living factors, social support promotes national well-being while the unemployment rate hinders national well-being; Among ecological factors, more land green area per capita is beneficial for national well-being. The GDP growth and Gini index of income have greater effect sizes in developing countries than in developed countries. (3) Positive and negative affect play mediation roles in the relationships between production-living-ecological factors and national well-being. Inflation rate, unemployment rate, years of education, and carbon emission intensity are negatively associated with national well-being through emotional variables, while social support, governance capacity of governments, child-age dependency ratio, and land green area per capita have indirect and positive effects on national well-being. [Conclusion] Therefore, China should adhere to the development path of production development, affluent living, and ecological sustainability, which is conducive to maximizing national well-being.
LIU Jiahang , YIN Chun , SUN Bindong . The influencing factors and formation mechanism of national well-being from production-living-ecological perspective[J]. Resources Science, 2024 , 46(5) : 910 -923 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2024.05.05
表1 变量描述性统计Table 1 Descriptive statistics of variables |
| 变量名称 | 单位 | 样本量 | 平均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 | 数据来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 被解释变量 | |||||||
| 国民幸福感 | — | 1405 | 5.55 | 1.12 | 2.66 | 8.02 | GWP |
| 生产因素 | |||||||
| 人均GDP,取对数 | 美元/人 | 1378 | 9.47 | 1.12 | 6.72 | 11.66 | WDI |
| 人均GDP增长率 | % | 1396 | 2.46 | 3.83 | -22.31 | 33.03 | WDI |
| 通货膨胀率 | % | 1375 | 5.67 | 13.91 | -8.97 | 380.00 | WDI |
| 收入基尼系数 | — | 1405 | 37.86 | 7.90 | 22.90 | 64.60 | SWIID |
| 生活因素 | |||||||
| 社会支持程度 | — | 1395 | 0.82 | 0.12 | 0.29 | 0.99 | GWP |
| 失业率 | % | 1405 | 7.76 | 5.63 | 0.25 | 34.93 | WDI |
| 政府治理能力 | — | 1405 | 0.10 | 0.97 | -2.13 | 2.18 | WGI |
| 受教育年限 | 年 | 1402 | 8.95 | 3.25 | 0.56 | 14.13 | HDR |
| 公共卫生支出比例 | % | 1392 | 3.64 | 2.27 | 0.29 | 9.28 | WDI |
| 人均健康预期寿命 | 岁 | 1405 | 63.37 | 7.21 | 6.72 | 73.97 | GWP |
| 少年人口抚养比 | — | 1405 | 43.51 | 22.79 | 14.92 | 106.53 | WDI |
| 生态因素 | |||||||
| 碳排放强度,取对数 | kg/美元 | 1387 | -1.00 | 0.72 | -3.00 | 1.03 | WDI |
| PM2.5浓度,取对数 | μg/m3 | 1405 | 3.05 | 0.68 | 1.57 | 4.70 | SEDAC |
| 人均国土绿化面积,取对数 | km2/人 | 1356 | -5.27 | 1.61 | -12.27 | -1.26 | FAOSTAT |
| 可再生能源发电比例 | % | 1405 | 36.93 | 31.39 | 0.00 | 100.00 | Ember |
| 中介变量 | |||||||
| 积极情绪 | — | 1388 | 0.66 | 0.11 | 0.35 | 0.88 | GWP |
| 消极情绪 | — | 1395 | 0.26 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.56 | GWP |
表2 国民幸福感的固定效应回归结果Table 2 Fixed effects regression results of national well-being |
| 模型1 | 模型2 | 模型3 | 模型4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 生产因素 | ||||
| 人均GDP | 0.951*** | 0.389 | ||
| (0.274) | (0.256) | |||
| 人均GDP增长率 | 0.009** | 0.004 | ||
| (0.005) | (0.004) | |||
| 通货膨胀率 | -0.006** | -0.004 | ||
| (0.003) | (0.003) | |||
| 收入基尼系数 | -0.048** | -0.051*** | ||
| (0.019) | (0.017) | |||
| 生活因素 | ||||
| 社会支持程度 | 1.952*** | 1.867*** | ||
| (0.304) | (0.310) | |||
| 失业率 | -0.047*** | -0.039*** | ||
| (0.007) | (0.007) | |||
| 政府治理能力 | 0.446** | 0.199 | ||
| (0.219) | (0.170) | |||
| 受教育年限 | -0.071 | -0.019 | ||
| (0.086) | (0.065) | |||
| 公共卫生支出比例 | 0.019 | 0.010 | ||
| (0.029) | (0.027) | |||
| 人均健康预期寿命 | -0.015 | -0.009 | ||
| (0.023) | (0.022) | |||
| 少年人口抚养比 | 0.006 | 0.008 | ||
| (0.008) | (0.008) | |||
| 生态因素 | ||||
| 碳排放强度 | 0.024 | 0.056 | ||
| (0.151) | (0.128) | |||
| PM2.5浓度 | -0.050 | -0.052 | ||
| (0.157) | (0.142) | |||
| 人均国土绿化面积 | 1.042*** | 0.734** | ||
| (0.345) | (0.332) | |||
| 可再生能源发电比例 | -0.002 | 0.001 | ||
| (0.003) | (0.003) | |||
| 常数项 | -1.401 | 5.582*** | 11.397*** | 7.022** |
| (2.941) | (1.596) | (1.855) | (3.310) | |
| 年份控制 | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 国家控制 | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 样本量 | 1353 | 1382 | 1338 | 1295 |
| 国家数量 | 142 | 146 | 141 | 136 |
| R2 | 0.109 | 0.196 | 0.064 | 0.238 |
注:***、**、*分别表示在1%、5%和10%的水平下通过显著性检验,括号内为稳健标准误。人均GDP、碳排放强度、PM2.5浓度、人均国土绿化面积已作对数处理。下同。 |
表3 “三生”因素与国民幸福感之间关联的稳健性检验Table 3 Robustness tests of the relationships between production-living-ecological factors and national well-being |
| 模型1 (改变时间 序列) | 模型2 (替换被 解释变量) | 模型3 (滞后解 释变量) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 生产因素 | |||
| 人均GDP | 0.333 | -3.164 | 0.241 |
| (0.257) | (10.973) | (0.317) | |
| 人均GDP增长率 | 0.005 | 0.319** | 0.013** |
| (0.004) | (0.145) | (0.005) | |
| 通货膨胀率 | -0.004 | -0.104 | -0.001 |
| (0.003) | (0.134) | (0.004) | |
| 收入基尼系数 | -0.051*** | -1.568** | -0.041** |
| (0.017) | (0.617) | (0.017) | |
| 生活因素 | |||
| 社会支持程度 | 1.865*** | 60.340*** | 0.777** |
| (0.313) | (11.359) | (0.343) | |
| 失业率 | -0.040*** | -1.507*** | -0.029*** |
| (0.008) | (0.318) | (0.008) | |
| 政府治理能力 | 0.208 | 0.014 | 0.387** |
| (0.172) | (5.758) | (0.165) | |
| 受教育年限 | -0.014 | -3.552 | -0.005 |
| (0.068) | (2.919) | (0.082) | |
| 公共卫生支出比例 | 0.018 | 3.313*** | 0.004 |
| (0.027) | (1.165) | (0.032) | |
| 人均健康预期 寿命 | -0.009 | -1.583 | -0.071*** |
| (0.022) | (1.071) | (0.023) | |
| 少年人口抚养比 | 0.009 | 0.230 | 0.017* |
| (0.008) | (0.291) | (0.010) | |
| 生态因素 | |||
| 碳排放强度 | 0.063 | -10.882*** | 0.143 |
| (0.127) | (4.125) | (0.156) | |
| PM2.5浓度 | -0.043 | -6.967 | 0.096 |
| (0.144) | (6.212) | (0.135) | |
| 人均国土绿化面积 | 0.695** | 25.437** | 0.934** |
| (0.345) | (12.331) | (0.448) | |
| 可再生能源发电比例 | 0.001 | 0.058 | 0.003 |
| (0.003) | (0.077) | (0.004) | |
| 常数项 | 6.884** | 288.467* | 12.596*** |
| (3.372) | (148.048) | (4.260) | |
| 年份控制 | YES | YES | YES |
| 国家控制 | YES | YES | YES |
| 样本量 | 1271 | 1295 | 1058 |
| 国家数量 | 136 | 136 | 129 |
| R2 | 0.231 | 0.658 | 0.168 |
表4 “三生”因素与国民幸福感之间关联的异质性分析Table 4 Heterogeneity analysis results of the relationships between production-living-ecological factors and national well-being |
| 模型1 (发达国家) | 模型2 (发展中国家) | |
|---|---|---|
| 生产因素 | ||
| 人均GDP | 0.612 | 0.337 |
| (0.459) | (0.344) | |
| 人均GDP增长率 | -0.003 | 0.009* |
| (0.007) | (0.005) | |
| 通货膨胀率 | -0.021 | -0.004 |
| (0.018) | (0.004) | |
| 收入基尼系数 | -0.004 | -0.059*** |
| (0.026) | (0.021) | |
| 生活因素 | ||
| 社会支持程度 | 3.272*** | 1.785*** |
| (0.691) | (0.314) | |
| 失业率 | -0.049*** | -0.027** |
| (0.009) | (0.010) | |
| 政府治理能力 | 0.197 | 0.138 |
| (0.159) | (0.202) | |
| 受教育年限 | 0.033 | -0.068 |
| (0.064) | (0.090) | |
| 公共卫生支出比例 | -0.016 | 0.028 |
| (0.045) | (0.036) | |
| 人均健康预期寿命 | 0.002 | -0.013 |
| (0.065) | (0.026) | |
| 少年人口抚养比 | -0.012 | 0.011 |
| (0.020) | (0.009) | |
| 生态因素 | ||
| 碳排放强度 | 0.380 | -0.007 |
| (0.307) | (0.136) | |
| PM2.5浓度 | -0.130 | -0.101 |
| (0.126) | (0.184) | |
| 人均国土绿化面积 | 0.568 | 0.544 |
| (0.560) | (0.390) | |
| 可再生能源发电比例 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| (0.003) | (0.004) | |
| 常数项 | 1.254 | 7.020 |
| (7.453) | (4.435) | |
| 年份控制 | YES | YES |
| 国家控制 | YES | YES |
| 样本量 | 350 | 945 |
| 国家数量 | 32 | 109 |
| R2 | 0.511 | 0.197 |
表5 “三生”因素影响国民幸福感的机制Table 5 Mechanisms of production-living-ecological factors influencing national well-being |
| 模型1 (积极 情绪) | 模型2 (国民 幸福感) | 模型3 (消极 情绪) | 模型4 (国民 幸福感) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 中介变量 | ||||
| 积极情绪 | 0.899*** | |||
| (0.308) | ||||
| 消极情绪 | -1.486*** | |||
| (0.386) | ||||
| 生产因素 | ||||
| 人均GDP | 0.039 | 0.362 | -0.007 | 0.362 |
| (0.029) | (0.257) | (0.024) | (0.245) | |
| 人均GDP增长率 | -0.000 | 0.005 | -0.001 | 0.004 |
| (0.000) | (0.004) | (0.000) | (0.004) | |
| 通货膨胀率 | -0.001** | -0.004 | 0.000 | -0.004 |
| (0.000) | (0.003) | (0.000) | (0.003) | |
| 收入基尼系数 | -0.001 | -0.050*** | 0.003 | -0.046*** |
| (0.002) | (0.016) | (0.002) | (0.016) | |
| 生活因素 | ||||
| 社会支持程度 | 0.100** | 1.790*** | -0.179*** | 1.592*** |
| (0.045) | (0.320) | (0.033) | (0.310) | |
| 失业率 | -0.001* | -0.038*** | 0.004*** | -0.033*** |
| (0.001) | (0.007) | (0.001) | (0.007) | |
| 政府治理能力 | 0.033* | 0.161 | 0.014 | 0.221 |
| (0.019) | (0.172) | (0.015) | (0.168) | |
| 受教育年限 | -0.016** | -0.002 | -0.006 | -0.032 |
| (0.006) | (0.067) | (0.006) | (0.062) | |
| 公共卫生支出比例 | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.012 |
| (0.003) | (0.026) | (0.003) | (0.026) | |
| 人均健康预期寿命 | 0.001 | -0.011 | 0.001 | -0.008 |
| (0.002) | (0.023) | (0.002) | (0.020) | |
| 少年人口抚养比 | -0.000 | 0.009 | -0.003*** | 0.003 |
| (0.001) | (0.008) | (0.001) | (0.008) | |
| 生态因素 | ||||
| 碳排放强度 | -0.025* | 0.075 | 0.031** | 0.096 |
| (0.014) | (0.123) | (0.014) | (0.125) | |
| PM2.5浓度 | -0.001 | -0.059 | 0.021 | -0.025 |
| (0.015) | (0.140) | (0.014) | (0.138) | |
| 人均国土绿化面积 | 0.065** | 0.679** | -0.124*** | 0.546 |
| (0.030) | (0.339) | (0.036) | (0.333) | |
| 可再生能源发电比例 | -0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| (0.000) | (0.003) | (0.000) | (0.003) | |
| 常数项 | 0.631* | 6.386* | -0.242 | 6.835** |
| (0.340) | (3.404) | (0.310) | (3.249) | |
| 年份控制 | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 国家控制 | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| 样本量 | 1287 | 1287 | 1293 | 1293 |
| 国家数量 | 136 | 136 | 136 | 136 |
| R2 | 0.120 | 0.248 | 0.274 | 0.260 |
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