Evaluation of public willingness to pay for marine litter management based on the correction of social desirability bias
Received date: 2023-02-14
Revised date: 2023-05-29
Online published: 2023-09-12
[Objective] The purpose of this study was to explore the bias caused by social desirability effect in hypothetical market valuation methods and its correction, in order to improve the validity of valuation. The social desirability effect causes respondents to present themselves in a manner that conforms to social moral norms in order to obtain a sense of satisfaction, resulting in a bias in the valuation of resource, environmental, and material goods. [Methods] Based on a sample of 402 valid responses from Jiaozhou Bay, the inferred value method (IVM) was used in this study. By employing an indirect questioning approach, the study aimed to capture respondents’ actual preferences and willingness to pay, thereby correcting the bias caused by the social desirability effect. [Results] The use of the IVM, which involves asking respondents to speculate on others’ willingness to pay, effectively reduced the impact of social desirability bias on individual willingness to pay. This approach avoids overestimation of willingness to pay and enhances the accuracy of environmental economic valuation. Variables such as respondents’ age, estimated payment proportion, and approval of government waste management significantly influence willingness to pay. The average willingness to pay for public marine waste management estimated using the IVM was 179.17 yuan per year, while the valuation result using the traditional contingent valuation method was 275.87 yuan per year. The IVM provides more conservative valuation results, further validating its effectiveness in avoiding overestimation of willingness to pay. [Conclusion] The findings of this study can serve as a valuable empirical reference for the application of the inferred value method in the field of resource and environmental valuation in China. Additionally, they can provide some decision-making support for government efforts in managing marine waste pollution.
LI Jingmei , HAO Yang , SHAN Jingzhu . Evaluation of public willingness to pay for marine litter management based on the correction of social desirability bias[J]. Resources Science, 2023 , 45(7) : 1469 -1479 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2023.07.14
表1 双边界二分式引导技术下样本回答分布情况Table 1 Distribution of sample responses under double-bounded dichotomous choices |
| 投标方案(T,TH,TL) | CVM | IVM | 合计 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 是-是 | 是-否 | 否-是 | 否-否 | 是-是 | 是-否 | 否-是 | 否-否 | ||||
| A(5,10,3) | 48 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 50 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 60 | ||
| B(10,20,5) | 49 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 38 | 7 | 13 | 3 | 61 | ||
| C(20,40,10) | 40 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 33 | 5 | 13 | 4 | 55 | ||
| D(40,80,20) | 37 | 6 | 8 | 5 | 24 | 9 | 14 | 9 | 56 | ||
| E(80,160,40) | 28 | 10 | 12 | 6 | 15 | 14 | 17 | 10 | 56 | ||
| F(160,320,80) | 19 | 15 | 19 | 6 | 13 | 16 | 19 | 11 | 59 | ||
| G(320,640,160) | 20 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 8 | 14 | 19 | 55 | ||
| 合计 | 241 | 59 | 64 | 38 | 187 | 64 | 92 | 59 | 402 | ||
表2 变量选取与赋值说明Table 2 Selection and value assignment of variables |
| 符号 | 变量含义 | 赋值说明 | 均值 | 标准差 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GEN | 性别 | 男=1,女=0 | 0.505 | 0.025 |
| AGE | 年龄/岁 | 18~29=1,30~39=2,40~49=3,50~59=4,60及以上=5 | 1.585 | 0.043 |
| EDU | 受教育程度 | 初中及以下=1,高中(中专或技校)=2,大学专科=3,大学本科=4,研究生及以上=5 | 3.741 | 0.047 |
| INC | 年收入/万元 | <2=1,[2,6)=2,[6,12)=3,[12,24)=4,24及以上=5 | 2.915 | 0.057 |
| TC | 推测青岛市愿意为海洋垃圾治理支付的人数占比 | 0=0,1%~10%=5,11%~20%=15,21%~30%=25,31%~40%=35,41%~50%=45,51%~60%=55,61%~70%=65,71%~80%=75,81%~90%=85,91%~100%=95 | 38.022 | 1.328 |
| UL | 了解程度 | “您对海洋垃圾污染有了解吗”:完全不了解=1,不太了解=2,一般=3,比较了解=4,非常了解=5 | 3.182 | 0.038 |
| PA | 污染感知 | “您觉得目前青岛海域的海洋垃圾现象是否普遍”:非常不普遍=1,较不普遍=2,一般=3,比较普遍=4,非常普遍=5 | 3.480 | 0.042 |
| EN | 治理需求 | “海洋垃圾污染是一个很重要的问题,有必要加以治理”:非常不同意=1,较不同意=2,一般=3,比较同意=4,非常同意=5 | 4.637 | 0.034 |
| GM | 政府治理 | “政府越来越重视海洋垃圾污染的防治”:非常不同意=1,较不同意=2,一般=3,比较同意=4,非常同意=5 | 4.015 | 0.041 |
| “政府建立了海洋垃圾清理工作机制”:非常不同意=1,较不同意=2,一般=3,比较同意=4,非常同意=5 | 3.858 | 0.046 | ||
| ES | 环保支持 | “参与海洋垃圾污染治理是被尊敬的”:非常不同意=1,较不同意=2,一般=3,比较同意=4,非常同意=5 | 4.614 | 0.035 |
| “改善海洋环境、保护海洋生态健康是每个公民的责任”:非常不同意=1,较不同意=2,一般=3,比较同意=4,非常同意=5 | 4.600 | 0.036 |
表3 支付意愿的模型估计结果Table 3 Model estimation results of willingness to pay |
| 变量 | CVM | IVM | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 参数估计 | P值 | 参数估计 | P值 | ||
| 常数项 | -157.448 | 0.350 | 96.094 | 0.493 | |
| GEN | 35.873 | 0.232 | -9.946 | 0.680 | |
| AGE | -33.135* | 0.066 | -45.669*** | 0.003 | |
| EDU | 50.432*** | 0.002 | 18.413 | 0.174 | |
| INC | 29.554** | 0.034 | 12.695 | 0.257 | |
| TC | 1.221** | 0.033 | 1.251*** | 0.007 | |
| PA | 41.350** | 0.024 | 9.279 | 0.532 | |
| EN | 0.548 | 0.985 | -5.458 | 0.823 | |
| GM | 19.193* | 0.099 | 32.600*** | 0.001 | |
| ES | 29.626** | 0.046 | 18.599 | 0.138 | |
| E(WTP) | 275.865 | 179.174 | |||
| 95%置信区间 | [243.670,308.061] | [155.446,202.901] | |||
注:*、**、***分别表示在10%、5%和1%的水平上显著。 |
| [1] |
|
| [2] |
|
| [3] |
United Nations Environment Programme. From Pollution to Solution: A global Assessment of Marine Litter and Plastic Pollution[R]. Nairobi: UNEP, 2021.
|
| [4] |
中华人民共和国生态环境部. 中国海洋生态环境状况公报,2015-2021[R/OL]. (2016-08-01) [2023-02-14]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/sthjzk/jagb/.
[ Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China. Bulletin of Marine Ecology and Environment Status of China, 2015-2021[R/OL]. (2016-08-01) [2023-02-14]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/sthjzk/jagb/.]
|
| [5] |
|
| [6] |
|
| [7] |
|
| [8] |
|
| [9] |
|
| [10] |
|
| [11] |
|
| [12] |
武照亮. CVM在中国资源环境价值评估中的应用[J]. 中国环境科学, 2022, 42(10): 4931-4938.
[
|
| [13] |
|
| [14] |
单菁竹, 李京梅, 林雨霏, 等. 双边界二分式引导技术的起点偏差及其修正: 以胶州湾浒苔生态损害评估为例[J]. 统计与信息论坛, 2019, 34(2): 35-41.
[
|
| [15] |
|
| [16] |
|
| [17] |
|
| [18] |
|
| [19] |
|
| [20] |
|
| [21] |
|
| [22] |
|
| [23] |
|
| [24] |
|
| [25] |
|
| [26] |
|
| [27] |
|
| [28] |
|
| [29] |
|
| [30] |
|
| [31] |
|
| [32] |
|
| [33] |
|
| [34] |
|
| [35] |
|
| [36] |
|
| [37] |
|
| [38] |
|
| [39] |
|
| [40] |
|
| [41] |
李京梅, 单菁竹, 邓云成, 等. 海洋生物多样性价值评估的不确定性偏差修正: 以福建平潭为例[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(7): 1338-1347.
[
|
| [42] |
单菁竹, 李京梅, 林雨霏, 等. 改进选择实验法在居民浒苔治理意愿评估中的应用[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(10): 1943-1953.
[
|
| [43] |
敖长林, 董育宁, 焦扬, 等. 基于双栏模型的三江平原湿地生态保护价值评估[J]. 资源科学, 2016, 38(5): 929-938.
[
|
| [44] |
佟锐, 敖长林, 焦扬, 等. 基于廉价磋商的CVM假想偏差修正研究: 以松花江流域为例[J]. 资源科学, 2016, 38(3): 501-511.
[
|
| [45] |
许志华, 卢静暄, 曾贤刚. 基于前景理论的受偿意愿与支付意愿差异性: 以青岛市胶州湾围填海造地为例[J]. 资源科学, 2021, 43(5): 1025-1037.
[
|
| [46] |
韩振华, 任剑峰. 社会调查研究中的社会称许性偏见效应[J]. 华中科技大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2002, (3): 47-50.
[
|
| [47] |
徐晟. 社会赞许性的争议、应用与展望[J]. 南开学报(哲学社会科学版), 2014, (3): 152-160.
[
|
| [48] |
潘逸沁, 骆方. 社会称许性反应的测量与控制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2017, 25(10): 1664-1674.
[
|
| [49] |
赵永芳, 田旭, 叶友权, 等. 2015年胶州湾主要入海河流及潮间带表层沉积物微量元素数据集[J]. 中国科学数据, 2022, 7(3): 264-272.
[
|
| [50] |
|
| [51] |
|
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |