The evolution of spatial patterns of university-industry collaborative innovation in the Yangtze River Delta
Received date: 2022-11-14
Revised date: 2023-03-01
Online published: 2023-05-25
[Objective] The objective of this study was to reveal the multi-scale spatial patterns, organization, and evolution of university-industry (U-I) collaborative innovation in the Yangtze River Delta region, and propose policy recommendations for the spatial optimization of regional U-I integration in China’s new development stage. [Methods] Based on the patent data from 2001 to 2020 and the diversified cooperation models, the spatial information of U-I linkages were explored, and the urban development and regional synergy models were identified by measuring the strength and centrality indicators. [Results] (1) As the output of U-I collaborative innovation continued to grow, intercity cooperation was becoming more frequent, and the scale and scope were gradually expanding. Although most small and medium-sized cities preferred intra-regional cooperation, its proportion showed a downward trend because the core cities preferred inter-regional cooperation. (2) With the improvement of the U-I collaborative innovation capabilities of small and medium-sized cities, regional development had changed from relying on the core cities to urban agglomerations for coordinated development, while the spatial imbalance of the internal network of the Yangtze River Delta had been declining. Under the strong influence of Beijing, cooperation outside the region became further agglomerated. In general, the U-I integration had evolved into a single-center, hub-and-spoke, and multi-level structure at the network level, strong administrative barriers existed, the connection between regional subnetworks was not close enough, and the leading function of the core cities such as Shanghai needed to be enhanced. (3) The Yangtze River Delta cities are promoting multi-scale U-I cooperation. Especially under the influence of regional integration policies, most cities tend to strengthen local and regional cooperation compared with cooperation outside the region. The evolution of the urban development models has driven the flattening of the regional hierarchical system and is also conducive to regional coordination and integrated development. To a certain extent, universities play a more critical “gatekeeping” role than enterprises in the multi-scale U-I integration. [Conclusion] Compared with the local and national scales, U-I collaborative innovation within the Yangtze River Delta has great development potential, and it is necessary to strengthen the effective flows of university and industry resources, and attach importance to their functional positioning differences in the regional integration and collaboration.
YANG Fan , DU Debin , DUAN Dezhong , SHI Wentian . The evolution of spatial patterns of university-industry collaborative innovation in the Yangtze River Delta[J]. Resources Science, 2023 , 45(3) : 668 -682 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2023.03.15
表1 2001—2020年长三角产学协同创新发展的阶段性特征Table 1 Characteristics of the four stages of university-industry collaborative innovation in the Yangtze River Delta, 2001-2020 |
| 特征维度 | 特征指标 | 阶段1 (2001—2005年) | 阶段2 (2006—2010年) | 阶段3 (2011—2015年) | 阶段4 (2016—2020年) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 规模 | 专利产出/件 | 低(250) | 较低(908) | 较高(2132) | 高(5385) |
| 增长 | 专利产出增速/% | 高(24.7) | 较高(21.5) | 低(16.2) | 高(26.3) |
| 尺度 | 同城强度占比/% | 高(49.3) | 较高(41.5) | 低(37.4) | 低(38.8) |
| 区内跨城强度占比/% | 低(20.0) | 较高(28.0) | 较高(25.3) | 低(21.8) | |
| 区外跨城强度占比/% | 低(30.7) | 低(30.5) | 较高(37.3) | 高(39.5) | |
| 模式 | 专利产出/创新强度/% | 高(96.3) | 较高(94.4) | 较低(86.6) | 低(79.8) |
注:括号内为特征指标的年均值;专利产出与创新强度的比值反映了“产学混成组织”的创新参与度。 |
表2 2001—2020年长三角城市产学协同创新的发展模式Table 2 Development models of university-industry collaborative innovation of cities in the Yangtze River Delta, 2001-2020 |
| 发展模式 | 2001—2005年 | 2006—2010年 | 2011—2015年 | 2016—2020年 | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | N | N | N | ||||||||||||||||
| 均衡型Ⅰ | 1.8 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 5 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 4 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 5 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 5 | |||
| 均衡型Ⅱ | 0.7 | 1.2 | -0.2 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.9 | -0.2 | 3 | 1.5 | 1.0 | -0.2 | 3 | 1.0 | 0.8 | -0.3 | 2 | |||
| 均衡型Ⅲ | 0 | 0.7 | -0.1 | 1.4 | 1 | 1.2 | -0.4 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.7 | -0.4 | 0.2 | 1 | ||||||
| 均衡型Ⅳ | 0 | 0 | -0.4 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1 | -0.1 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 1 | |||||||||
| 区内外向型 | -0.3 | 0.2 | -0.3 | 4 | -0.4 | 0.4 | -0.3 | 6 | -0.5 | 0.1 | -0.2 | 3 | -0.3 | 0.2 | -0.3 | 4 | |||
| 区外外向型 | -0.2 | -0.2 | 0.5 | 2 | -0.5 | -0.3 | 0.3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| 内向型 | 0.1 | -0.3 | -0.3 | 3 | 1.0 | -0.5 | -0.3 | 4 | 0.3 | -0.4 | -0.4 | 4 | 0.5 | -0.4 | -0.3 | 6 | |||
| 边缘型 | -0.3 | -0.4 | -0.2 | 26 | -0.6 | -0.6 | -0.3 | 21 | -0.6 | -0.5 | -0.4 | 24 | -0.6 | -0.5 | -0.4 | 22 | |||
注:表中数值为同类型城市的 、 、 指数均值;N表示各类型的城市数量。 |
表3 2001—2020年长三角城市产学协同创新的层级体系Table 3 Hierarchical system of university-industry collaborative innovation of cities in the Yangtze River Delta, 2001-2020 |
| 层级 | 2001—2005年 | 2006—2010年 | 2011—2015年 | 2016—2020年 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 城市 | E | 城市 | E | 城市 | E | 城市 | E | ||||
| 1 | 上海1 | 4.3 | 上海1 | 3.6 | 上海1 南京1 | 3.1 | 南京1 | 3.5 | |||
| 2 | 杭州1 | 2.4 | 杭州1 | 2.5 | 杭州1 | 1.8 | 上海1 杭州1 | 2.7 | |||
| 3 | 南京1 | 1.3 | 南京1 | 1.6 | 无锡1 苏州1 | 1.2 | 无锡1 苏州1 南通2 | 0.8 | |||
| 4 | 无锡1 宁波2 | 0.7 | 无锡1 苏州3 常州2 镇江2 | 0.6 | 镇江2 常州2 南通2 徐州3 | 0.7 | 合肥4 镇江2 衢州7 徐州3 宁波7 常州5 连云港7 嘉兴7 绍兴5 扬州5 盐城7 | 0.1 | |||
| 5 | 苏州1 合肥6 南通5 镇江7 常州6 台州5 嘉兴5 马鞍山7 扬州5 淮北7 | -0.3 | 绍兴2 舟山7 嘉兴7 徐州7 扬州5 温州7 宁波5 南通5 合肥6 金华5 台州5 盐城5 泰州6 | -0.3 | 合肥4 盐城7 连云港7 宁波5 扬州5 马鞍山7 淮南7 泰州5 | -0.4 | 芜湖7 泰州5 | -0.5 | |||
注:E是不同等级城市的产学协同创新综合指数均值;边缘型城市未列出,都属于第5层级;上标表示城市类型,1-7分别指代均衡型Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ,区内、区外外向型,内向型。 |
表4 2001—2020年长三角主要城市基于大学和企业的桥接中心性(a)Table 4 Bridging centrality based on universities or enterprises of the main cities in the Yangtze River Delta, 2001-2020 |
| 城市 | 2001—2005年 | 2006—2010年 | 2011—2015年 | 2016—2020年 | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 上海 | + | - | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | - | + | + | |||
| 杭州 | + | - | + | + | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | + | + | - | + | + | |||
| 南京 | + | + | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | + | + | - | + | + | |||
| 合肥 | - | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | + | |||
| 徐州 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | |||
| 无锡 | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | + | |||
| 常州 | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | + | + | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | |||
| 苏州 | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | |||
| 南通 | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | + | |||
| 扬州 | - | + | - | - | + | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | |||
| 盐城 | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | |||
| 镇江 | - | - | - | - | + | + | - | + | + | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | |||
| 宁波 | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | |||
| 嘉兴 | - | + | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | |||
| 湖州 | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | |||
| 绍兴 | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | |||
注:符号为正(+)/负(-)表示城市基于大学(企业)的桥接中心性高于/低于总体均值,意味着大学(企业)是/不是城市参与网络合作的主要桥接机构。(a)城市的总体网络地位与基于产学主体的网络地位可能不一致。如绍兴在时段2中为均衡型Ⅱ类城市,即与全国城市的合作较弱,但基于企业的长三角-全国网络中心性符号为正,表明从总体看绍兴在长三角-全国网络中的地位不高,但从企业桥接功能看却是网络的重要节点;常州在时段1中基于产学主体的桥接中心性符号均为负,表明虽然是区外外向型城市,即产学资源的总体对外合作能力较好,但大学和企业各自的桥接功能都一般,因此无法区分主导型机构。 |
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