Strategy of China’s investment in Arctic Passage development based on Stackelberg game theory
Received date: 2020-05-08
Request revised date: 2020-09-18
Online published: 2021-01-25
In the context of the construction of the Silk Road on the Ice, the use of the Arctic Passage is of great significance for the development of China’s international trade. Considering China and Russia’s joint development of the Arctic Passage, this study examined how China can use its capital advantage to invest in port development along the route to obtain long-term stable returns. Using Stackelberg game theory, an independent game model between China and Russia and a mixed game model when other investment countries are involved were established. Representative ports were selected for evaluation using data envelopment analysis (DEA), and data were collected for empirical research. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) Port operating costs are a key factor that affect the final profit. When investing, it is necessary to reduce operating costs through intelligent equipment and information platforms. When multiple countries are involved in investment, China should strive for early-start advantages or choose to form an investment alliance instead of engaging in price wars by reducing returns; (2) Port investment strategy must ensure that port development level matches port development potentialport development level too high and too low both will affect the return on investment. Through the effectiveness evaluation of DEA, we can identify the shortcomings of the existing development level and make targeted adjustments. Ports that cannot be adjusted for facilities due to political reasons are not regarded as priority investment objects; (3) When the investment amount increases from a low level, it will bring a decline in income. Joint investment is an effective means to solve this problem. The total scale of investment ports affects returns. It is necessary to balance port upgrading difficulty and the total scale of ports. Priority should be given to large-scale port clusters with lower upgrading difficulty, rather than to individual ports that are difficult to upgrade and have a higher degree of modernization.
PAN Changhong , LI Zhenfu , SUN Dongshi . Strategy of China’s investment in Arctic Passage development based on Stackelberg game theory[J]. Resources Science, 2020 , 42(11) : 2106 -2118 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2020.11.05
表1 北极航道沿线代表性港口Table 1 Representative ports along the Arctic Passage |
| 序号 | 港口 | 所属海域 | 选择原因 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 摩尔曼斯克港 | 巴伦支海 | 北冰洋沿线最大海港,不冻港,最大渔港 |
| 2 | 阿尔汉格尔斯克港 | 巴伦支海 | 多功能港口,海铁枢纽,人口多 |
| 3 | 迪克森港 | 喀拉海 | 泊位条件好,燃料补给基地 |
| 4 | 萨别塔 | 喀拉海 | 中国通过河运进入北冰洋的唯一航道,服务亚马尔液化天然气项目 |
| 5 | 季克西 | 拉普捷夫海 | 海、河、江汇聚效应,通航时间长,地理位置优越 |
| 6 | 佩韦克 | 东西伯利亚海 | 航务服务齐全,港区吃水深 |
| 7 | 普罗维杰尼亚港 | 楚科奇海 | 通航期较长,船舶补给站和燃料供应站 |
| 8 | 乌厄连 | 楚科奇海 | 北极航道东大门 |
表2 计划投资港口的发展潜力信息Table 2 Information on the development potential of the planned investment ports |
| 港口 | 人口 /人 | 通航期 /月份 | 腹地已探测 待开采油气/亿t |
|---|---|---|---|
| 摩尔曼斯克港 | 298096 | 全年 | 85.62 |
| 阿尔汉格尔斯克港 | 351488 | 6—10 | 0.66 |
| 迪克森港 | 609 | 7—10 | 171.68 |
| 萨别塔 | 33750 | 7—10 | 171.68 |
| 季克西 | 3380 | 7—10 | 40.95 |
| 佩韦克 | 4547 | 7—10 | 0.18 |
| 普罗维杰尼亚港 | 2109 | 7—10 | 1.53 |
| 乌厄连 | 632 | 7—10 | 1.53 |
表3 计划投资港口的现有建设情况信息Table 3 Information on the current development status of the planned investment ports |
| 港口 | 泊位水深/m | 港口泊位数量/个 | 泊位总长度/m | 堆场面积/m2 | 港口装卸机械数量/台 | 货运量/百万t |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 摩尔曼斯克港 | 13.0 | 29 | 3554 | 222460 | 62 | 51.70 |
| 阿尔汉格尔斯克港 | 9.2 | 21 | 15916 | 459246 | 72 | 2.60 |
| 迪克森港 | 9.1 | 22 | 200 | 14000 | 10 | 0.20 |
| 萨别塔 | 8.9 | 14 | 311 | 20100 | 10 | 8.00 |
| 季克西 | 7.6 | 14 | 1724 | 56700 | 23 | 0.41 |
| 佩韦克 | 10.0 | 9 | 500 | 149100 | 20 | 0.24 |
| 普罗维杰尼亚港 | 10.0 | 8 | 524 | 33900 | 4 | 0.01 |
| 乌厄连 | 7.9 | 5 | 254 | 12300 | 5 | 0.10 |
表4 投资收益表Table 4 Investment income statement |
| 序号 | 投资 策略 | 投资收益 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | –I |
| 2 | B | –I |
| 3 | C | –I |
| 4 | AB | –I |
| 5 | AC | –I |
| 6 | BC | –I |
| 7 | ABC | –I |
表5 计划投资港口DEA有效性评价结果Table 5 Evaluation results of effectiveness of planned investment ports from data envelopment analysis (DEA) |
| 港口 | DMU1 | DMU2 | DMU3 | DMU4 | DMU5 | DMU6 | DMU7 | DMU8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 有效性 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.6363 | 0.8190 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 |
表6 计划投资港口投入指标结果Table6 Input index results of planned investment ports |
| DMU1 | DMU2 | DMU3 | DMU4 | DMU5 | DMU6 | DMU7 | DMU8 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| X2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| X3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0075 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| X4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0001 | 1.0484 | 0 | 0 |
| X5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2046 | 0.0001 | 0 | 0 |
| X6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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