Review of the by-product critical minerals resource security research and prospects
Received date: 2020-03-05
Request revised date: 2020-07-07
Online published: 2020-10-25
In terms of individual elements, by-product minerals account for more than 60% of critical minerals in the United States and the European Union. Compared with the non-byproduct critical minerals, by-product critical minerals possess special geological and economic properties, which have a unique impact on their resource security. In recent years, as critical minerals have become the focus of the government and scientific research institutions, studies on the resource security of by-product critical minerals have increased gradually. This article presented a systematic analysis of criticality evaluation, supply mechanism, price theory, and international trade pattern of the by-product minerals. It is found that due to the important strategic position of the by-product critical minerals, the degree of companionality has become an important criticality evaluation index of minerals, so the security of supply of by-product critical minerals has been ensured to some extent. The supply of by-product critical minerals depends on the change of supply and demand of their main minerals, which leads to inelasticity of supply and faced with supply risk. At the same time, the geographic distribution of by-product critical minerals is highly concentrated, which causes higher trade risks in global trade. Compared with non-byproduct critical minerals, by-product critical minerals have higher price volatility and their price volatility is affected by that of their main minerals , and there is a risk to stabilize the supply and demand of by-product critical minerals. Finally, in light of the background and trend of future economic development, this study identified the research direction of the resource security of by-product critical minerals in the future.
SHAO Liuguo , LAN Tingting . Review of the by-product critical minerals resource security research and prospects[J]. Resources Science, 2020 , 42(8) : 1452 -1463 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2020.08.02
图1 中国、美国、欧盟的伴生性关键矿产清单注:图1中只标出了伴生性矿产。本文将伴生生产获得的产量占年产量50%以上的矿产界定为伴生性矿产。稀土、铂族金属按单一元素拆分核算,清单分别为:2018年美国地质调查局发布的“关键矿产”清单(总计55种,其中铂族金属6种,稀土金属16种);2017年欧盟确定的“关键矿产原材料”清单(总计43种,其中铂族金属5种,稀土金属15种);中国战略性矿产清单则综合2014年以来中国国土资源部、工信部、地质调查局等确定的“紧缺战略性矿产”“战略性新兴产业矿产”等清单(总计64种)。 Figure1 List of by-product critical minerals in China, the United States, and the European Union |
表1 主矿产-伴生性关键矿产的价格关系Table 1 Price relationship between by-product minerals and their main minerals |
| 文献作者 | 研究对象 | 研究方法 | 研究结论 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Campbell[17] | 整个矿业行业 | 一般均衡模型、实证分析 | 短期内,主矿产和伴生性关键矿产需求反向变化时,它们价格之间存在负相关关系,需求同向变化时,则关系不明确,呈现单向因果关系 |
| Naumov等[19] | 稀土金属、稀散金属及其主矿产 | 需求原理分析 | 短期内,主矿产开采减少,伴生性关键矿产需求增加,伴生性关键矿产的价格上涨;相反,当主矿产开采增加,而伴生性关键矿产下降,伴生性关键矿产的价格下跌。呈现单向因果关系 |
| Kim等[58] | 锌(锗);铜(硒) | 实证分析、格兰杰因果检验 | 短期内,主矿产价格单向影响伴生性关键矿产价格。但例外的是,锌和铟的价格之间没有相关关系 |
| Fizaine[26] | 铝(镓);铜(硒、碲、钼);锌(铟) | VAR模型、协整分析 | 从长期来看,主矿产价格正向影响伴生性关键矿产价格。但只有铜和钼,铜和硒之间存在这种相关关系 |
| Afflerbach等[59] | 铝(镓);铜(钴、钼、硒、碲);镍(钴、铱、钯、碲);锌(锗、铟) | 利润最大化优化模型、线性回归分析 | 需求冲击下,主矿产和伴生性关键矿产的价格呈负相关关系。但铝和镓、钴和镍关系较弱 |
| Shammugam等[60] | 铝(镓);锌(铬、铟);铅(硒,铋);镍(钴);铜(钴) | 改进的Toda-Yamamoto方法 | 主矿产价格对伴生性关键矿产价格的影响是长期规律。但例外的是,铝和镓,镍和钴,铜和钴,锌和铟之间没有显著的因果关系 |
注:括号里为伴生性关键矿产。 |
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