The effects of off-farm employment type on arable land transfer in hilly areas of Jiangxi
Received date: 2016-05-28
Request revised date: 2016-11-08
Online published: 2017-02-20
Copyright
The relationship between off-farm employment and agricultural land transfer is a hot topic,and clarifying the relationship is important for providing a decision-making reference that promotes agricultural land scale management. Here,we examines the effect of off-farm employment on agricultural land transformation from the perspective of local and migrant off-farm employment using household survey data spanning 2000,2005 and 2010 in three villages in northeast Jiangxi province,China. Analysis shows that both local and migrant off-farm employment has agricultural labor quality and quantity effects and income effects. In contrast,local off-farm employment induced weaker agricultural labor quality and quantity effects than migrant off-farm employment. Correlation between farmers’ off-farm employment and land transfer decisions using a bivariate Probit model found that migrant workers' decision-making has a significantly negative impact on migrant workers' decision-making,which indicates that the migrant workers' decision-making and migrant workers' decision-making are simultaneous decision-making. Using an instrumental variable method to test the relationship between off-farm employment and agricultural land transfer with a Probit model found that migrant off-farm employment has a positive impact on the land rented out but not on land rented in. The impacts of local off-farm employment and mixture off-farm employment on land transfer are not significant,neither on land rent in nor on land rented out. Hence it is suggested that in the context of promoting agricultural land scale management,policy makers should develop urban non-farm industries and encourage households to engage in migrant off-farm employment. This will facilitate the development of agricultural land markets from a supply side.
ZHOU Laiyou , RAO Fangping , MA Xianlei , SHI Xiaoping . The effects of off-farm employment type on arable land transfer in hilly areas of Jiangxi[J]. Resources Science, 2017 , 39(2) : 209 -219 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2017.02.04
Figure1 The influencing mechanism of off-farm employment types on agricultural land rental图1 非农就业类型对农地流转的影响机理 |
Table 1 Description of the three sample villages表1 3个村庄的基本概况 |
村庄名称 | 所属行政区 | 离市场中心 距离/km | 村庄规模 | 经济水平 |
---|---|---|---|---|
板桥村 | 鹰潭市余江县 | 小于10 | 较小 | 中等 |
上祝村 | 鹰潭市贵溪市 | 大约60 | 中等 | 较落后 |
港沿村 | 上饶市铅山县 | 大约20 | 较大 | 较发达 |
注:(1)资料来源于课题组的历次调查;(2)离市场中心的距离是指离县或市中心的距离;村庄规模的大小是根据3个村庄人口规模的大小判定的;经济水平的高低则是根据3个村庄农户的收入情况和生活水平判定的。 |
Table 2 Variable definition and description表2 变量的定义及描述性统计 |
变量名称 | 变量定义 | 平均值 | 标准差 |
---|---|---|---|
农地流转变量 | |||
是否流入 | 流入=1,未流入=0 | 0.40 | 0.49 |
是否流出 | 流出=1,未流出=0 | 0.13 | 0.34 |
非农就业变量 | |||
本地务工户 | 指家庭成员在户籍所在乡镇范围内从事非农就业的农户 | 0.23 | 0.42 |
外出务工户 | 指家庭成员在户籍所在乡镇范围外从事非农就业的农户 | 0.35 | 0.48 |
混合务工户 | 指既有家庭成员在户籍所在乡镇范围内从事非农就业、又有家庭 成员在户籍所在乡镇范围外从事非农就业的农户 | 0.30 | 0.46 |
户主特征变量 | |||
户主年龄 | 户主的实际年龄/岁 | 50.12 | 10.49 |
户主受教育程度 | 户主的实际受教育年限/年 | 5.31 | 2.82 |
家庭特征变量 | |||
家庭农业劳动力数量 | 家庭主要从事农业生产的劳动力数量/人 | 1.80 | 1.00 |
被抚养指数* | 家庭6岁以下的成员与家庭劳动力的比值 | 0.42 | 0.44 |
家庭资产价值** | 指耐用消费品的价值/元 | 21 549.25 | 47 368.25 |
家庭农业资产价值 | 指农业生产专用的农具价值/元 | 2 101.14 | 36 785.00 |
家庭存款级别 | 无存款=1;0~0.5万元=2;0.5万元~1万元=3;1万元~2万元=4; 2万元~5万元=5;5万元以上=6。 | 1.99 | 1.38 |
土地特征变量 | |||
初始农地面积 | 农户二轮承包的面积/亩 | 6.31 | 4.00 |
区域虚拟变量 | |||
上祝村 | 上祝村=1,非上祝村=0 | 0.31 | 0.46 |
港沿村 | 港沿村=1,非港沿村=0 | 0.52 | 0.50 |
时间虚拟变量 | |||
2005年 | 2005年=1,非2005年=0 | 0.32 | 0.47 |
2010年 | 2010年=1,非2010年=0 | 0.33 | 0.47 |
样本观测值 | 955 |
注:*:在中国农村,6岁以下的孩子需要家庭劳动力更多的精力照顾,制约着劳动力投入到农业生产的时间,同时6岁以下的孩子数量越多,家庭生存压力越大。**:家庭资产是指电冰箱、电视机等耐用品,而家庭农业资产是指打谷机、收割机、耕田机等农业专用资产,本文中的家庭资产并不包括家庭农业资产。 |
Table 3 Off-farm employment and agricultural land rental of sample household in study area表3 研究区样本农户的非农就业和农地流转情况 |
年份 | 农户户数(所占比例) | 农户户数(所占比例) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
转入户 | 转出户 | 农业专业户 | 本地务工户 | 混合务工户 | 外出务工户 | ||
2000年 | 154(46.50%) | 31( 9.37%) | 61(18.43%) | 69(20.85%) | 91(27.49%) | 110(33.23%) | |
2005年 | 109(35.20%) | 39(12.58%) | 26( 8.39%) | 79(25.48%) | 97(31.29%) | 108(34.84%) | |
2010年 | 119(37.90%) | 55(17.52%) | 30( 9.55%) | 69(21.97%) | 99(31.53%) | 116(36.94%) |
Table 4 Estimation results of effect of off-farm employment types on agricultural land rental market participation in study area表4 研究区非农就业类型对农地流转影响的估计结果 |
农地流入模型 (是否流入) | 农地流出模型 (是否流出) | |
---|---|---|
Probit估计 | Probit估计 | |
非农就业变量 | ||
本地务工户 | 0.062 (0.153) | 0.249 (0.222) |
外地务工户 | -0.187 (0.155) | 0.402** (0.210) |
混合务工户 | 0.003 (0.152) | 0.230 (0.228) |
户主特征变量 | ||
户主年龄 | -0.021***(0.005) | 0.021***(0.007) |
户主受教育程度 | -0.011 (0.017) | 0.066***(0.023) |
家庭特征变量 | ||
家庭农业劳动力数量 | 0.306***(0.062) | -0.485***(0.085) |
被抚养指数 | -0.152 (0.107) | 0.134 (0.119) |
家庭资产价值 | -0.001 (0.015) | 0.007 (0.022) |
农业资产价值 | 0.021***(0.007) | -0.001 (0.010) |
家庭存款级别 | 0.073** (0.034) | 0.061 (0.044) |
土地特征变量 | ||
初始土地面积 | 0.215***(0.081) | -0.210***(0.033) |
区域虚拟变量 | ||
上祝村 | -0.003 (0.131) | -0.323 (0.192) |
港沿村 | -0.018 (0.121) | 0.010 (0.169) |
时间虚拟变量 | ||
2005年 | -0.054 (0.123) | -0.677***(0.182) |
2010年 | 0.136 (0.144) | -0.274 (0.195) |
样本量 | 955 | 955 |
Wald chi2 | 92.72*** | 142.29*** |
伪似然率对数值 | -570.04 | -276.53 |
伪R2 | 0.113 | 0.254 |
注:(1)表中汇报的均为各模型估计的系数; ***、**和*分别表示在1%、5%和10%的显著水平上显著;括号内的标准差为稳健标准差,主要是为了消除异方差可能引起的估计偏差。(2)时间虚拟变量为观测非农就业对农地流转影响的时间差异,针对3年农户样本,本文引入两个时间虚拟变量,并以2000年为参照组,2005年和2010年为对照组。 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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