Capital input effects on the tourism efficiency of forest parks in China
Received date: 2015-11-05
Request revised date: 2016-05-25
Online published: 2016-07-25
Copyright
Reasonable capital input is key to optimizing the allocation of forest resources and promote tourism efficiency of forest parks. In order to study capital input effects on the tourism efficiency of forest parks in China,a two-stage analysis model of efficiency calculation and influencing factors of tourism efficiency based on efficiency calculation methods was established for forest parks in 31 provinces using data from 2008 to 2014. The study found a nonlinear and inverted U-shaped relationship between capital structure (proportion of state-owned capital investment) and tourism efficiency of forest parks,which means that the state-owned capital investment proportion in a reasonable range will have positive effects on the tourism efficiency of forest parks,while capital of other forms has a positive effect after the proportion exceeding the threshold. Total capital investment is redundant and the output elasticity of capital is relatively small compared to the elasticity of staff and the whole tourism industry,indicating that it is short of efficiency in use of the funds for construction and operation. The capital performs a time-lag effect whiling transforming the process of developing forest tourism. These factors are the main reasons for the decline in tourism efficiency of forest parks in China. Regional development level,traffic conditions and density of forest parks have a significant positive impact on the tourism efficiency of forest parks. The tourism efficiency of forest parks is best in southwest China. It is necessary to optimize capital structures and determine a reasonable scale of investment capital to gradually improve the tourism efficiency of forest resources in China.
Key words: capital structure; capital scale; forest park; tourism efficiency; DEA; Tobit model
DING Zhenmin , HUANG Xiujuan . Capital input effects on the tourism efficiency of forest parks in China[J]. Resources Science, 2016 , 38(7) : 1363 -1372 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2016.07.16
Table 1 Input and output variables and descriptive statistics表1 投入产出变量及其描述性统计 |
| 指标类型 | 指标名称 | 衡量指标 | 均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 投入 | 劳动力 | 职工人数/人 | 4 747.216 | 4 114.405 | 46 | 17 697 |
| 资本 | 投入资金/万元 | 102 983.400 | 152 972.200 | 230 | 1 500 000* | |
| 土地 | 森林公园面积/hm2 | 551 303.700 | 581 994.700 | 1952 | 2 500 000* | |
| 产出 | 经济效益 | 旅游收入/万元 | 140 976.700 | 230 523.200 | 652 | 1 600 000* |
| 社会效益 | 游客数量/万人 | 1 529.110 | 1 770.640 | 10 | 13 268 | |
| 生态效益 | 造林面积/hm2 | 8 106.940 | 8 619.463 | 0 | 48 881 |
注:*为Stata 软件自动调整的结果。 |
Table 2 Variable and descriptive statistics表2 变量选取及其描述性统计 |
| 变量类型 | 变量 | 变量名称 | 指标含义 | 均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 因变量 | effec | 效率值 | DEA计算出的效率值 | 0.763 | 0.246 | 0.201 | 1 |
| lnincome | 旅游收入* | 旅游收入/万元 | 10.777 | 1.644 | 6.480 | 14.286 | |
| 自变量 | finrate | 资本结构 | 国有资本占资本总额的比例 | 0.278 | 0.194 | 0 | 0.937 |
| finrate2 | 资本结构平方项 | finrate的平方项 | 0.115 | 0.157 | 0 | 0.878 | |
| lncapital | 资本规模* | 资金总额/万元 | 10.762 | 1.450 | 5.438 | 14.221 | |
| llncapital | 资本规模滞后项* | lncapital的一期滞后项 | 10.690 | 1.446 | 5.438 | 14.221 | |
| lnstaff(lnL) | 劳动力* | 职工人数/人 | 7.908 | 1.302 | 3.829 | 9.781 | |
| lnK | 资本存量* | 资本存量/万元 | 11.690 | 1.608 | 5.438 | 14.871 | |
| 控制变量 | ubanrate | 城市化水平 | 城市化率 | 0.517 | 0.142 | 0.226 | 0.893 |
| road | 交通通达性 | 等级公路里程/万km | 0.281 | 0.147 | 0.020 | 0.590 | |
| lnpeoden | 城市人口密度* | 城市人口密度/(人/km2) | 7.804 | 0.484 | 6.244 | 8.694 | |
| forestden | 森林公园密度 | 森林公园面积/省行政面积 | 0.024 | 0.024 | 0.002 | 0.133 | |
| eastnorth | 东北林区 | 虚拟变量 | 0.097 | 0.296 | 0 | 1 | |
| South | 南方林区 | 虚拟变量 | 0.355 | 0.480 | 0 | 1 | |
| westsouth | 西南林区 | 虚拟变量 | 0.161 | 0.369 | 0 | 1 | |
| westnorth | 西北林区 | 虚拟变量 | 0.129 | 0.336 | 0 | 1 | |
| middlnorth | 华北林区 | 虚拟变量 | 0.258 | 0.439 | 0 | 1 |
注:*表示数据已进行对数化处理。 |
Figure 1 The changing trend of the tourism efficiency of Forest Park in China from 2008 to 2014图1 2008-2014年中国森林公园旅游效率的变化趋势 |
Figure 2 The average tourism efficiency of forest park about each province in China from 2008 to 2014图2 2008-2014年中国各省市平均森林公园旅游效率 |
Table 3 The results of model estimates表3 模型估计结果 |
| 变量 | 变量名称 | 模型(1) | 模型(2) | 模型(3) | 模型(4) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 效率值 | 系数 | 标准误差 | 系数 | 标准误差 | 系数 | 标准误差 | 系数 | 标准误差 | |
| finrate | 资本结构 | 0.140 | 0.122 | 0.682** | 0.320 | 0.704** | 0.332 | ||
| finrate2 | 资本结构的平方项 | -0.740* | 0.405 | -0.708* | 0.408 | ||||
| llncapital | 资本规模的滞后项 | 0.133*** | 0.035 | 0.135*** | 0.034 | ||||
| lncapital | 资本规模 | -0.117*** | 0.031 | -0.104*** | 0.031 | -0.170*** | 0.036 | -0.159*** | 0.036 |
| lnstaff | 劳动力 | 0.042 | 0.057 | -0.027 | 0.057 | -0.036 | 0.062 | -0.057 | 0.062 |
| urbanrate | 城市化水平 | 1.320*** | 0.391 | 1.306*** | 0.385 | 1.216*** | 0.390 | 1.119*** | 0.398 |
| road | 交通通达性 | 0.830*** | 0.275 | 0.744** | 0.276 | 0.777** | 0.292 | 0.730** | 0.290 |
| lnpeoden | 城市人口密度 | 0.175** | 0.088 | 0.171** | 0.087 | 0.127 | 0.085 | 0.133 | 0.086 |
| forestden | 森林公园密度 | 5.143** | 2.266 | 5.304** | 2.222 | 5.062** | 2.127 | 5.256** | 2.155 |
| eastnorth | 东北林区 | 0.049 | 0.179 | 0.028 | 0.176 | -0.015 | 0.165 | -0.016 | 0.168 |
| south | 南方林区 | 0.162 | 0.114 | 0.131 | 0.113 | 0.146 | 0.107 | 0.117 | 0.109 |
| westsouth | 西南林区 | 0.446*** | 0.157 | 0.418*** | 0.154 | 0.434*** | 0.147 | 0.384*** | 0.150 |
| westnorth | 西北林区 | 0.108 | 0.161 | 0.067 | 0.160 | 0.093 | 0.153 | 0.020 | 0.157 |
| cons | 常数项 | -0.811 | 0.850 | -0.815 | 0.837 | -0.054 | 0.869 | -0.600 | 0.874 |
| Likelihood | -64.678 | -63.006 | -49.132 | -46.706 | |||||
| Wald chi2 | 42.38*** | 46.64*** | 56.67*** | 61.08*** | |||||
Table 4 The output elasticity of the input factors of forest parks tourism表4 森林公园旅游投入要素的产出弹性 |
| 旅游收入 | 系数 | 标准误差 | P值 |
|---|---|---|---|
| lnK | 0.442 4*** | 0.058 4 | 0.000 |
| lnL | 0.667 2*** | 0.072 8 | 0.000 |
| cons | 0.329 1 | 0.466 9 | 0.481 |
***、**、*分别表示在1%、5%、10%以下的显著性水平。 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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