Space competition in the national tourism community and place meaning
Received date: 2015-06-29
Request revised date: 2016-05-19
Online published: 2016-07-25
Copyright
Taking Langmusi in central China as a focal area,we conducted semi-structured interviews guided by photos with 396 people (Tibetan=102,Hui=96,tourists=99,and foreign operators=99. With the help of qualitative analysis software NVivo10.0,we analyzed interview content and divided the place into 11 categories (natural sights,Buddhist temples,burial place,Masjid,accommodation locations,village,street and road,legend site,work place,home and school)and established eight main classes (local characteristics,spirituality,group relation,emotion and experience,history and culture,environment adaption,tourism contact and negative perception)and 39 sub-classes on place meaning. We found that natural sights,Buddhist temples,burial place,Masjid and villages are the most important places. Local characteristics,spirituality, group relation and emotion and experience constitute the body of interviewees’ place meaning. Using the correspondence analysis method,we found different emphases on the representation of place meaning for Langmusi. Local residents(Tibetan and Hui)form their sense of place based on religion and community life while outsiders (tourists and operators)form their sense of place mainly on original culture and livelihood. Local residents focus more on Buddhist temples and spirituality,outsiders focus more on burial place and local characteristics,representing competitive relations for place meaning between outsiders (e.g. tourists) and locals (e.g. Tibetans). The competition over local significance reflects the gambling on local power among people,is the impetus for changing Langmusi’s local identity,and offers a way for us to learn about complex social phenomenon during tourism development. The construction of place meaning provides effective help in understanding local conflict,and provides effective approaches to solve contradictions within the national tourism community.
Key words: place; place meaning; difference; place politics; Langmusi
GAO Yan , ZHAO Zhenbin . Space competition in the national tourism community and place meaning[J]. Resources Science, 2016 , 38(7) : 1287 -1296 . DOI: 10.18402/resci.2016.07.10
Figure 1 Flow chart of place meaning coding图1 地方意义编码流程 |
Table 1 Categories of place表1 地方类目统计 |
排序 | 类目 | 频次 | 百分比 | 举例 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 自然景点 | 282 | 30.69 | 白龙江、白龙江源头、草原、大峡谷、红石崖、森林、山 |
2 | 佛教寺院 | 228 | 24.81 | 格尔底寺、赛赤寺、晒经台、肉身殿、白塔、转经塔、大经堂 |
3 | 丧葬地点 | 90 | 9.79 | 天葬台、回族墓地 |
4 | 清真寺 | 63 | 6.86 | 清真寺 |
5 | 食宿地点 | 55 | 5.98 | 达仓郎木大酒店、白龙马队、云南妈妈、青年旅社、神仙居、丽莎餐馆 |
6 | 村子家乡 | 50 | 5.44 | 冻卡村、回民村、镇子、噶尔良村、红星乡、仁贡马村、自己村子 |
7 | 街道道路 | 38 | 4.13 | 街道、永忠街道、村口、小广场、玛曲的路、到天葬台的路 |
8 | 传说遗址 | 34 | 3.70 | 老虎洞、仙女洞、虎穴仙女 |
9 | 工作地点 | 30 | 3.26 | 自己店、牧场、工地 |
10 | 家 | 29 | 3.16 | 家,藏族的家,是我们回族居住的地方 |
11 | 学校 | 20 | 2.18 | 回民村小学、学校 |
总计 | 919 | 100 |
Table 2 Categories of place meaning表2 地方意义类目构成 |
一级类目 | 二级类目 | 频次 | 百分比 | 举例 |
---|---|---|---|---|
地方特色254(25.97%) | 风景好 | 110 | 11.25 | 漂亮、下午有彩虹、很美、花儿多 |
独特性 | 62 | 6.34 | 在其他地方见不到、这里是独一的、新鲜、神秘 | |
地方好 | 30 | 3.07 | 水干净、大家都喝、地方好以前选下的 | |
原生态 | 21 | 2.15 | 自然、原始有生命力、保持原貌 | |
环境好 | 17 | 1.74 | 环境好、卫生好、安宁、清净 | |
人情好 | 14 | 1.43 | 民风淳朴、人好、坦诚 | |
小计 | 254 | 25.97 | ||
精神性153(15.64%) | 信仰 | 107 | 10.94 | 拜佛、信仰、佛教圣地、肉身活佛 |
神圣 | 23 | 2.35 | 神圣、去了以后觉得很神圣、是不容侵犯的 | |
尊重 | 15 | 1.53 | 尊重寺院、录像行为不好、对去世的人冒犯 | |
敬畏 | 5 | 0.51 | 不敢说话、触犯禁忌、敬畏 | |
震撼 | 3 | 0.31 | 震撼、以前从来没见过这种场面 | |
小计 | 153 | 15.64 | ||
群体联系140(14.31%) | 群体娱乐 | 47 | 4.81 | 登高、玩儿、站在上面看全景、从小玩到大 |
群体活动 | 26 | 2.66 | 插箭、过节日搭建帐篷、附近的山都可以举办活动 | |
人际联系 | 26 | 2.66 | 婚庆帮忙、建寺时一起帮忙捡垃圾、亲人朋友都在 | |
交际沟通 | 25 | 2.56 | 跟喇嘛交流、走家串门、经常去喝茶聊天、 | |
教育联系 | 16 | 1.64 | 小孩在上学、我的母校、培养我们的地方 | |
小计 | 140 | 14.31 | ||
情感与体验129(13.19%) | 个人成就感 | 42 | 4.29 | 自己承包、自己开的店、帮助藏区的孩子 |
情感寄托 | 31 | 3.17 | 调节心情、依恋、养育我的村庄 | |
感觉好 | 27 | 2.76 | 家的感觉、我喜欢、心里踏实 | |
经历回忆 | 16 | 1.64 | 第一次经历、从前没去过、以后不会忘记 | |
精神洗礼 | 13 | 1.33 | 超脱、精神洗礼、可分善恶 | |
小计 | 129 | 13.19 | ||
历史文化109(11.15%) | 悠久历史 | 29 | 2.97 | 有200多年历史了、最古老的地方 |
民风习俗 | 24 | 2.45 | 风俗浓厚、埋葬地点、习俗 | |
传说故事 | 23 | 2.35 | 老虎洞、仙女洞、传说、有故事 | |
文化特质 | 22 | 2.25 | 藏经文、和汉文化有别、文化深厚 | |
传统传承 | 11 | 1.12 | 藏族传统、起源、发源地、先人所建 | |
小计 | 109 | 11.15 | ||
环境适应91(9.30%) | 生计来源 | 38 | 3.89 | 牧场、卖水果、挖虫草卖、当服务员 |
放松 | 28 | 2.86 | 吃吃喝喝、很放松、转一转很放松 | |
习惯 | 12 | 1.23 | 适应、习惯了、整个小镇都很习惯、 | |
生活保障 | 7 | 0.72 | 水源、吃糌粑、放牛羊、水是我们的保障 | |
方便 | 6 | 0.61 | 搭车、拼车很方便、各方面都很方便 | |
小计 | 91 | 9.30 | ||
旅游联系60(6.13%) | 游客偏好 | 27 | 2.76 | 喇嘛好玩、游客去的多、游客喜欢那里 |
旅游收入 | 13 | 1.33 | 来的人多赚钱就多、寺院带来经济收入 | |
旅游发展 | 8 | 0.82 | 发展旅游业、发展好、以后会发展得更好 | |
服务好 | 7 | 0.72 | 服务亲切、老板人很好、食宿干净 | |
设施好 | 5 | 0.51 | 安排食宿、宾馆越来越多、白龙马队很重要 | |
小计 | 60 | 6.13 | ||
负面感知42(4.29%) | 消极情绪 | 20 | 2.04 | 没深刻感受、几乎没去过、不讲理 |
环境差 | 17 | 1.74 | 白龙江脏、不安全、不宁静、到处是灰 | |
原生态破坏 | 5 | 0.51 | 失去原味、原来的老房子都拆了 | |
小计 | 42 | 4.29 | ||
总计 | 978 | 100 |
Figure 2 Correspondence analysis of place and group图2 群体与地方对应分析 |
Figure 3 Correspondence analysis of place meaning and group图3 群体与地方意义对应分析 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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