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    • 2024 Volume 46 Issue 1
      Published: 25 January 2024
        


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    • MA Hailiang, GUO Jinxuan, HE Zhengqi, ZHANG Changzheng
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      [Objective] Digital finance based on information technology provides a new opportunity for the construction of a water-saving society. Effectively release the dividend of water saving and emission reduction brought by the development of digital finance is an important issue for promoting the development of the Chinese-style modernization. [Methods] Based on panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2020, this study empirically tested the relationship between digital finance development and water resource utilization using methods such as fixed effect and mediation effect models. [Results] (1) The development of digital finance has an inhibitory effect on water use intensity, which is mainly achieved by improving the coverage and depth of use of digital finance, and the result is still valid after robustness tests such as substitution of variables, instrumental variable method, and limited information maximum likelihood method. (2) From the perspective of transmission pathways, technological innovation and industrial structure adjustment have played a significant mediating role between digital finance and water use intensity, but the mediating role of industrial structure upgrading is not significant. (3) From the perspective of heterogeneity, digital finance has a positive impact on water use efficiency in the eastern region; Meanwhile, digital finance has a significant inhibitory effect on the water use intensity of the primary and secondary industries, but the impact on the water use intensity of the tertiary industry is not significant; Regions with favorable water endowments are more likely to reap the benefits of digital finance. [Conclusion] Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of digital finance, actively innovate financial services, and give full play to the enabling role of digital finance in resource utilization according to local conditions and production policies.

    • ZHANG Jin, DING Yajing
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      [Objective] The aim of this study was to reveal the pattern of change of water resource efficiency in cascade hydropower development, in order to improve the water resource efficiency of cascade hydropower development and promote water-saving development. [Methods] We employed the panel data of 22 hydropower development basins in China from 1996 to 2020, including 331 large and medium-sized hydropower stations. Using fixed effects and moderating effects models, this study analyzed the impact of the cascade hydropower development scale on its water resource efficiency, and tested the moderating mechanism of the development mode in the process. [Results] This research found that: (1) With the increase of cascade hydropower development scale, water resource efficiency showed a U-shaped trend of decreasing first and then increasing. (2) For the U-shaped correlation between cascade hydropower development scale and water resource efficiency, intensive development mode and diverse development mode all had a positive moderating effect, and diverse development mode showed a stronger positive moderating effect. (3) There was a positive correlation between basin water resource endowment and water resource efficiency of cascade hydropower development, and the diverse development mode was more conducive to strengthening this positive correlation when comparing with the intensive development mode. [Conclusion] These results prove that watershed cascade hydropower development can save water, but only when the development scale exceeds the threshold of 59%, the water-saving effect is stable and obvious. In order to promote water-saving development, intensive development mode should be implemented in the initial stage of cascade development, the diverse development mode should be implemented when the development scale exceeds the threshold, and the diverse development mode is more suitable for the rivers where water resource is scarce.

    • WANG Xiaoyan, WANG Taixiang, LIU Shuling
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      [Objective] The purpose of implementing active agricultural water conservation policies is to improve the utilization efficiency of water resources, alleviate the conflict between water resource supply and demand, and promote the sustainable development of agriculture. Correspondingly, active agricultural water conservation policies are an important way to achieve these goals. Exploring the effects of the policies is of great theoretical and practical significance for the scientific formulation and improvement of China’s agricultural water conservation policy. [Methods] Based on the agricultural water conservation policies promulgated by the Chinese government from 2011 to 2021, this study used the method of quantitative analysis of policy texts to measure the policy effectiveness in five dimensions: policy strength, objectives, measures, supervision, and feedback, and established a multiple regression model to assess the implementation effects of different policy tools. [Results] The results show that: (1) The overall effectiveness of the policies showed a fluctuating trend, but the average effectiveness of the policies in each year was generally low; (2) Among the five dimensions of policy effectiveness, there are many measures, but the intensity is low, the objectives are not specific enough, and the supervision and feedback are insufficient; (3) Among the policy tools, command-and-control and capacity-building policy tools had higher total and average effectiveness than economic-incentive and persuasive policy tools; (4) Each policy tool in the policy text had a lagged effect on the effective utilization coefficient of irrigation water, and the use of command-and-control and economic-incentive policy tools had a significant positive effect on the improvement of the effective utilization coefficient of irrigation water, while the role of persuasive and capacity-building policy tools needs to be further improved. [Conclusion] Therefore, first, China’s agricultural water conservation policies should be formulated in a way that strengthens top-level design and inter-sectoral coordination. Second, content effectiveness should be further improved and the specific content of the policy dimensions should be continuously enriched. Third, the four types of policy tools should be used in a synergistic manner to promote policies that produce good results.

    • SHAO Hanhua, WANG Yaning
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      [Objective] The synergistic enhancement of pollution reduction and carbon emission mitigation serves as the general approach to promote the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development. The importance of environmental information disclosure for ecological governance has become increasingly evident, and assessing the pollution reduction and carbon emission reduction effects of environmental information disclosure provides a scientific evidence for the development of a green and low-carbon economy and society. [Methods] This study took Pollution Source Supervision Information Disclosure as a quasi-natural experiment. Based on the panel data from 235 prefecture-level cities in China from 2004 to 2020, the study employed the difference-in-differences method to examine the impact of environmental information disclosure on pollution reduction and carbon emission mitigation and mechanisms. [Results] (1) Environmental information disclosure led to a win-win situation for pollution reduction and carbon emission mitigation. Specifically, this system had resulted in a relative decrease of 25.5% and 19.2% in pollution and carbon emissions levels, respectively, compared to the sample mean in pilot cities. (2) The carbon emission reduction effect of environmental information disclosure was more pronounced in resource-based cities and cities with stringent environmental regulations, and this effect exhibited a diminishing marginal trend as carbon emission levels increased. The pollution reduction effect of environmental information disclosure appeared relatively even and stable across different cities. (3) Green technological innovation, government financial support, and industrial structure upgrading were important mechanisms through which environmental information disclosure promoted pollution reduction and carbon emission mitigation. (4) Low-carbon city pilot policies can strengthen the pollution reduction and carbon emission mitigation effects of environmental information disclosure, while the reinforcing effect of carbon emission trading policies is not clearly evident. [Conclusion] This study accurately identified the key role of environmental information disclosure in facilitating pollution reduction and carbon emission mitigation in cities, providing empirical evidence for improving environmental regulatory systems and strengthening coordinated emission reduction actions. Therefore, it is necessary to further enhance the depth and breadth of environmental information disclosure, design distinct and precise governance pathways, implement a comprehensive set of policies for pollution reduction and carbon emission mitigation, and lay the foundation for advancing ecological civilization in the new era.

    • LUO Liangwen, LEIZHU Jiahua
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      [Objective] Facing the target constraints of “carbon peak and carbon neutrality”, this paper discusses the impact of different carbon trading policy tools on the effect of pollution reduction and carbon reduction, and provides theoretical basis for the green and low-carbon transformation of regional economy. [Methods] Based on the data of 30 provinces in China’s mainland from 2003 to 2021, this study constructed a coupling coordination model incorporating CO2 and SO2, and applied a two-way fixed-effects difference-in-differences model to analyze the pollution reduction and carbon emission reduction effects of carbon trading policies and their mechanisms. Furthermore, we explored the pollution reduction and carbon emission reduction effects of carbon market policy tools. [Results] The results show that: First, carbon trading policies significantly reduced the coupling and coordination degree between carbon emissions and environmental pollution, resulting in pollution reduction and carbon emission reduction, and gradually tended towards a collaborative relationship of “high-level coupling and high-quality coordination”. Second, the results of heterogeneity test show that the impact of carbon trading policy on the coupling degree and coordination degree of carbon emissions and pollution in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangdong was greater than that in Tianjin, Hubei, Chongqing, and Fujian, and the impact on the coupling degree and coordination degree of carbon emissions and pollution in areas with relatively low carbon emissions was more significant. Meanwhile, the carbon reduction effect of carbon market policy was higher than that of pollution reduction. Finally, the pollution reduction and carbon emission reduction effects of carbon trading policies were mainly realized by carbon prices, carbon market activity, carbon market size, and punishment tools through the impact of industrial structure, energy structure, and technological progress. Various policy tools also had the effect of optimizing industrial structure, as well as reducing differences between industries, but they did not significantly improve the cleanliness level of energy structure and promote the level of green technology innovation. [Conclusion] In order to achieve a win-win situation of synergetic control of environmental pollution and carbon emissions, it is necessary to take the following measures: Establishing and improving a collaborative control system for carbon emissions and environmental pollution, improving green low-carbon technologies and pollution control technologies, achieving industrial structure upgrading and energy structure transformation, expanding the carbon market scale, and improving carbon market policy tools.

    • QIU Fangdao, LIU Jibin, CHEN Ran, ZHANG Xinlin, TAN Juntao
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      [Objective] In the context of synergistic pollution and carbon reduction, revealing the coupling relationship between industrial growth and carbon emissions based on different growth rates is crucial for promoting low-carbon development in interprovincial boundary regions. [Methods] This study focused on the Huaihai Economic Zone and used an industrial growth-carbon emission decoupling model to conduct the research. [Results] (1) During the study period, the decoupling relationship between industrial growth and carbon emissions had evolved from weak decoupling to strong negative decoupling. Counties in a decoupled state tended to be concentrated around central cities such as Xuzhou. The coupling coordination had continuously improved, with the proportion of highly coordinated and extremely coordinated counties increasing from 18.64% to 83.05%. (2) The industrial growth-carbon emission asynchronous growth index exhibited a pattern of rise-fall-rise-fall, consistently in the phase of weak expansion of carbon emissions. In terms of spatial distribution, the relative growth rate of most counties’ industries exceeded the relative growth rate of carbon emissions, and over 40% of the counties showed a downward trend. (3) Factors such as technological innovation, environmental regulation, and carbon sequestration capacity had a positive and strengthening effect. The impact of factors such as industrialization level, the proportion of resource-based industries, and interprovincial boundaries on the asynchronous growth relationship changed from positive promotion to negative repression. Industrial transformation and the evolution of interprovincial boundaries were the main driving forces. (4) The mismatch between the market dominance of industrial growth and the government-led carbon emission control, as well as the mismatch between the external driving force of industrial development and the internal driving force, have caused spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the asynchronous growth of industrial growth and carbon emissions. This has also spurred the strategic demand for regional coordinated development, which is interconnected with and mutually influenced by the asynchronous growth. [Conclusion] Industrial low carbonization is the main path to promote the coordinated development of industrial growth and carbon emission, while the spatiotemporal coordinated evolution and development of industrial growth and carbon emission is conducive to boosting the low-carbon and green development of industry.

    • CHEN Yuran, CHEN Minpeng
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      [Objective] As a non-renewable resource, phosphorus (P) plays a crucial role in agricultural development and food security. It is important to examine the characteristics of change of P products trade pattern, which contributes to understanding China’s position in the global P products market as well as reinforcing the P security of China. [Methods] Based on the complex network analysis, this study constructed a global P trade network from 1990 to 2020 and analyzed its globalization level, trade reciprocity, and national connectivity patterns. Furthermore, this study examined the evolution of centrality of major importing and exporting countries (regions). It also developed indicators to evaluate the security for China’s P products trade. [Results] The results indicate the following: (1) Globalization has notably increased the activity within the P products trade network, which is primarily composed of processed phosphate products, including phosphate fertilizer (PF). Trade reciprocity has grown by more than 30%, fostering improved trade relations and enhanced international cooperation. However, the unbalanced trade structure has led many countries (regions) to heavily rely on major exporting countries (regions). Therefore, the stability of export policies is crucial for ensuring global P products supply. (2) In the 1990s, the major trading countries included exporters with high P reserves and production capacity (Morocco, USA), and importers with low P reserves and high demand (Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Thailand, Malaysia, etc.). Since 2006, as the production of phosphate rock (PR) increased and PF demand surged in Eastern European and Asian countries, including China, their influences on P trade network grew. (3) With the development of the P chemical industry, China has transitioned from a net importer of P products to a major exporter. The political risk associated with trading partners and market concentration significantly impacts China’s trade and security. It is crucial to improve the diversity of trading partners and enhance trade relations with politically stable countries (regions). [Conclusion] This article argued that it is necessary to actively promote the sustainable management of P resources and long-term sustainable development of the P industry. It emphasized the necessity of conservation and optimal use of P resources. China should enhance its trade relations with major P resource countries to improve the long-term P security.

    • ZHAO Xiquan, CHEN Wei
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      [Objective] Examining the change of the global cobalt trade network is significant for understanding the global cobalt market and supply situation. [Methods] From the perspective of the product chain, this study constructed a global trade network for cobalt ores, cobalt compound, and cobalt and its products. Multiple network analysis methods were used to depict the temporal change in the scale of global cobalt trade, revealing the spatial pattern and topological structure of cobalt trade networks of different product types, to provide a reference for ensuring China’s cobalt supply security. [Results] (1) The scale of global cobalt trade is increasing with fluctuations, and the trade development trends of different cobalt products have obvious differences. Cobalt and its products have become the main form of global cobalt trade. (2) The global cobalt trade networks exhibit spatial differentiation characteristics, with a clear trend of cobalt trade agglomeration towards a few countries and regions. The spatial organization of cobalt trade networks for different product types have significant differences. (3) The trade networks of cobalt ores and cobalt compound are becoming increasingly loose, and the density of the trade network of cobalt and its products has significantly increased. The transmission efficiencies of the three types of cobalt product trade networks have increased over time. (4) The global cobalt trade networks have significant core-periphery structural characteristics, with clear hierarchical boundaries between core and periphery structures. The roles of countries in the networks are dynamically adjusted. (5) Countries such as China, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, and the Netherlands have long been at the center of trade networks. South Korea, France, and Finland are key countries in two types of cobalt trade networks, while Austria and Slovakia, Spain and Italy, Canada and Japan respectively occupy important positions in the three types of cobalt trade networks. The Democratic Republic of Congo has strong control over the overall operation of the cobalt product chain. [Conclusion] On the basis of clarifying the structural change characteristics of the global cobalt trade networks, China needs to make differentiated polices and adopt targeted trade strategies for different cobalt product types, to ensure the security and stability of its cobalt supply.

    • ZUO Zhili, CHENG Jinhua, ZHAN Cheng, GUO Haixiang
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      [Objective] This study aims to simulate the vulnerability of the lithium industry trade network in the event of interruption risks. The goal is to effectively identify key nodes and potential risks in the network, providing decision support for optimizing trade patterns and avoiding interruption risks. [Methods] Analyzing the evolution of the lithium industry trade pattern based on trade flow methods, intentional attack simulations were conducted to assess the vulnerability of the lithium industry trade network after trade interruptions occurred in the top 10% of nodes by PageRank centrality. [Results] The research reveals: (1) The global trade pattern of the lithium industry chain is undergoing profound restructuring and transformation, with China’s position highlighted in the global trade network. (2) Invulnerability in the upstream network of the lithium industry chain has improved during the sample period, while the risk resistance capabilities of the midstream and downstream networks are relatively stable. (3) The vulnerability ranking of the lithium industry chain is downstream < midstream < upstream. When trade interruptions occur in the top 10% of global key nodes, the overall performance of the upstream, midstream, and downstream trade networks decreases by an average of 60%, 35%, and 23.5%, respectively. [Conclusion] To maintain the security and stability of China’s and the global lithium industry, the following measures should be implemented: enhance and refine safety risk warning and emergency support mechanisms within the lithium industry chain; establish a cooperative, win-win framework among key stakeholders in the lithium industry chain to bolster positive response capabilities across the industry, supply chain, and value chain; and improve domestic self-sufficiency and global allocation capabilities for lithium resources.

    • WANG Fuhong, XIA Yong
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      [Objective] Intensive use of cultivated land serves as an effective approach to ensure the efficient supply of agricultural products and sustainable use of cultivated land. Scientific knowledge of the spatial and temporal differentiation characteristics of unbalanced and inadequate intensive use of cultivated land as well as a precise understanding of the existing shortcomings of the intensive use of cultivated land, is crucial for unlocking the potential of land resources and enhancing the comprehensive capacity of agricultural production. [Methods] This research measured the level of intensive use of cultivated land in China and its four main regions from 2000 to 2020 across four dimensions: input intensity, utilization degree, output efficiency, and sustainability. The Dagum Gini coefficient was used to investigate the spatial imbalance of intensive use of cultivated land and its structural sources. The quantile normalization approach was used to investigate inadequate utilization of cultivated land and its mechanism. [Results] The results indicate that: (1) There were considerable variations in the level of intensive use of cultivated land throughout the nation and the four regions, although the general trend was continually growing. The provinces with low levels of intensive use of cultivated land saw a catch-up effect. (2) The imbalance of intensive use of cultivated land showed a declining tendency at the national level. More than 70% of the spatial imbalance of intensive use of cultivated land was caused by the imbalance between regions. (3) A declining trend was visible in the inadequacy index of intensive use of cultivated land for all regions and nationwide, with an order of western region (80.94), Northeast (74.33), nationwide (68.14), central region (60.16), and eastern region (55.72). (4) The sustainability of land use emerged as a key factor in the imbalance and inadequacy of intensive land use nationally and in the eastern and central regions. Input intensity significantly impacted the imbalance and inadequacy of intensive use of cultivated land in the Northeast, while in the western region, all four dimensions were highly significant. Additionally, there was a trend toward an inward convergence in the change of the primary influencing factors in each region. [Conclusion] In China, the unbalanced and inadequate intensive use of cultivated land have somewhat improved over the past 20 years, but there is still a sizable regional imbalance and insufficiency. To increase the overall agricultural production capacity, it is critical to increase the intensive use of cultivated land in accordance with the current and local conditions and to establish a systematic, coordinated pattern of such usage.

    • CHEN Lili, PENG Jiquan
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      [Objective] The construction of high-standard basic farmland is an important measure to implement the national food security strategy, and improving the grain production capacity is the key to realize the high-standard farmland construction policy of “storing grain in the land”. [Methods] Based on the panel data of 31 provinces in China’s mainland from 2005 to 2020, this study analyzed the impact of high-standard farmland construction policies on grain production capacity and its mechanism by using continuous difference-in-differences method. [Results] High-standard farmland construction policies can significantly improve grain production capacity, and have a positive impact on grain yield per unit area. Robustness test also confirmed the reliability of the results. Heterogeneity analysis showed that the effect of policy implementation is more obvious in the main grain producing areas, and stronger in the southern region, but weaker in the eastern region with higher economic development level. Compared with corn, the policy has a better effect on improving the production capacity of rice and wheat. The mechanism test showed that the high-standard farmland construction policies can improve grain production capacity by promoting agricultural mechanization, facilitating land circulation, and improving multiple cropping of cultivated land. [Conclusion] We recommend to strengthen the construction of high-standard farmland in major grain producing areas, attach importance to the construction of supporting facilities such as irrigation and drainage networks, strengthen the post-construction management and protection of high-standard farmland, continuously enhance the comprehensive grain production capacity, and strengthen food security.

    • LI Jieyan, ZHANG Hongli
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      [Objective] Exploring the relationship between agricultural technology promotion and sustainable protection of cultivated land is of certain significance for sustainable agricultural development. [Methods] This study was based on the survey data of 634 grain growers in Henan Province. The coefficient of variation method was used to calculate the degree of sustainable protection of cultivated land by grain growers, and an empirical analysis was conducted to examine the impact of agricultural technology promotion on the sustainable protection behavior of grain growers for cultivated land, as well as the mediation effect of expectation confirmation. [Results] The results show that: (1) Grassroots on site and online agricultural technology promotions both significantly promote the sustainable protection of cultivated land, and the result is still valid after addressing endogeneity issues and conducting robustness tests; (2) Based on the intergenerational difference analysis, there is no group difference in the impact of grassroots on site agricultural technology promotion on the sustainable protection behavior of grain growers for cultivated land, while online agricultural technology promotion has a more significant impact on the sustainable protection behavior of young generation grain growers; (3) Grassroots agricultural technology promotion and online agricultural technology promotion exhibit complementary effects in their impact on the sustainable protection of cultivated land by grain growers; (4) Grassroots agricultural technology promotion indirectly affects the sustainable protection behavior of grain growers by the expectation confirmation of enhancing interest and reducing risks, while online agricultural technology promotion mainly indirectly affects the sustainable protection behavior of grain growers by the expectation confirmation of enhancing interest. [Conclusion] While strengthening the development of grassroots agricultural technology promotion and online agricultural technology promotion, the complementary effect of online and on site agricultural technology promotion should also be enhanced to help grain growers form a more objective level of expectation, and thus promote the sustainable implementation of cultivated land protection by farmers.

    • XU Haibin, XIAO Changjiang, LIU Yawen, DENG Shiqi, LI Xin
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      [Objective] As an innovative way of regulating territorial space, the planning of flexible space is of great significance for improving the scientific quality and effectiveness of spatial planning, and reducing the disturbance and impact of uncertain factors. This study aimed to explore the delineation of land use layout flexible space under uncertain conditions. [Methods] The study took Xuzhou City, a typical resource-based city, as an example. First, an interval optimization model was used to obtain the flexible quantity interval of various land use types. Then, the upper and lower limits of the interval served as the quantity demand to import the PLUS model to simulate the spatial layout of various land use types, and the difference between the two simulated layouts was designated as flexible space. [Results] The results show that: (1) There are differences in the size of the flexible quantity interval of each land use type, among which land use types that contribute more to addressing future uncertainty are rural residential land, farmland, water, urban industrial and mining land, while the smaller ones are grassland and bare land. (2) The flexible space distribution of various land use types shows a certain pattern, and the flexible space of farmland is concentrated in the hotspots of land use change around urban and rural areas, the flexible space of garden plot and woodland is distributed in suitable growth areas such as river banks and low hills, and the flexible space of urban industrial and mining land and rural residential land is mainly distributed in the outer edge areas of their original scope. (3) Based on the flexible space of each land use type, the land types were merged according to the zoning function of the planning, and the conflicting parts of the flexible space were processed according to the suitability to obtain the flexible space of different spatial planning zones. Among them, the flexible space areas of agricultural production zones, ecological protection zones, urban construction zones, and rural development zones account for 1.74%, 0.20%, 1.09%, and 3.31% of the total area, respectively. [Conclusion] The probability distribution of possible conflicts in land use space is the prerequisite for the delineation of flexible space. It is necessary to delineate flexible space of land use layout from an uncertain perspective. Based on interval optimization and PLUS model, the delineation method of flexible space proposed in this study seems feasible, which can provide support for planning decisions.

    • ZENG Peng, JIANG Xiaokun, CHEN Yi
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      [Objective] The aim is to reveal and validate the wave-like climbing pattern of land green use efficiency in urban agglomerations, providing decision support for promoting integrated enhancement of land green use efficiency and collaborative use of land resources within urban agglomerations. [Methods] Using panel data from 2006 to 2020, taking urban agglomerations of China as the research object, this study first analyzed the basic principles of the evolution of land green use efficiency in urban agglomerations based on the theories of urban functional interaction, spatial justice, and the adaptability theory of human-environment systems. Subsequently, methods including the non-expected output super-efficiency SBM model, joint intensity and threshold model, and numerical simulation were employed to explore the spatial-temporal characteristics and climbing patterns of land green use efficiency in these urban agglomerations. [Results] (1) The overall trend of land green use efficiency in urban agglomerations of China is upward, and spatially exhibiting a distribution of “higher in the north and south, lower in the middle, and higher in the west and lower in the east”; (2) The joint intensity of land green use between the central cities and neighboring cities continues to increase, with a threshold limitation. The process of central cities jointly arranging land green use with surrounding cities presents a step-like diffusion pattern from the central cities to the periphery; (3) The fluctuating climbing curve of land green use efficiency in urban agglomerations with the changes in time and the joint development of cities has been verified in practice, and the fitting is reasonable. [Conclusion] Cooperation between the central city and neighboring cities in the field of land green use of land resources in urban agglomerations should be strengthened. Clarifying the functional positioning of cities, through functional streamlining or aggregation, industrial chain integration, and the integrated development of industrial interactions can promote the formation of a high-quality development pattern of national land space.

    • SHAO Junjie, ZHANG Fan, Hu Lingxiao, ZHAO Hu
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      [Objective] The improvement of rural residential environment is an effective measure to realize the strategy of rural revitalization. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the industrial and commercial capital flowing to rural areas and the behaviors of improving the residential environment of rural households from both the theoretical and empirical perspectives. [Methods] Using data from the 2020 China Rural Revitalization Survey, this study employed the Mvprobit model to empirically analyze the impact of industrial and commercial capital introduction on rural households’ behaviors in improving their residential environments and mechanisms. [Results] (1) Industrial and commercial capital significantly increases the likelihood of rural households participating in the improvement of their residential environments. This conclusion remains robust even after conducting instrumental variable regression and a series of rigorous tests. (2) Industrial and commercial capital leads to the enhancement of village collective economies and rural households’ income levels, thereby satisfying the club goods attributes of the “two-part payment” for improving residential environments. This capital provides both public and private investments for enhancing rural residential conditions. (3) Villages with strong leadership of village cadres and families with high dependency ratios are more likely to witness increased probabilities of households improving toilet facilities due to industrial and commercial capital infusion. However, the infusion does not significantly increase the likelihood of rural households engaging in scientifically treating domestic wastewater. Moreover, only when industrial and commercial capital enters the villages does it positively affect rural households’ behaviors in treating domestic wastewater and improving toilet facilities. [Conclusion] We should encourage and guide industrial and commercial capital to go to the countryside, enhance the coordination platform and policy system, and promote their participation in the improvement of rural residential environment.

    • HAN Shu, GUO Guancheng, ZHANG Chuan
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      [Objective] Examining farming households’ homestead withdrawal willingness by considering the endowment effect and risk coping capacity has great significance for deepening homestead reform in China. [Methods] This study constructed a theoretical framework based on endowment effect, risk coping capacity, and homestead exit willingness, and used a mediation effect model to analyze the mediation effect of endowments on the impact of risk coping capacity on homestead exit willingness, used the threshold model to analyze the double threshold effect of risk coping capacity on homestead exit willingness, and explored the differences in the mediation role of endowments at each level of risk coping capacity. [Results] (1) The endowment effect has a significant negative impact on the willingness to withdraw from the homestead through the three paths of subject attachment, object dependence and uncertainty perception; (2) The impact of risk carrying capacity on the willingness to withdraw from the homestead has a double threshold effect. When the risk carrying capacity is between the two threshold values, the impact on the willingness to withdraw from the homestead is positive, and when it is too low or too high, the impact on the willingness to withdraw from the homestead is negative; (3) Endowment effect plays an intermediary role in the impact of risk carrying capacity on the willingness to withdraw from homestead. Among them, the order of mediating effect from large to small is homestead irreplaceability, psychological ownership and uncertainty perception; (4) In the process of accumulation of risk coping capacity, the mediation effect of endowments experienced the change of complete mediation-partial mediation-non-mediation, indicating that the accumulation of risk coping capacity helps to weaken the mediation effect of endowments. [Conclusion] The government should clarify the group of farmers with moderate risk carrying capacity, improve the mobilization and demonstration mechanism of homestead exit, improve the level of farmers’ policy cognition, improve the guarantee mechanism of farmers’ risk carrying capacity, and promote the transformation of homestead exit to people-oriented.