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  • Orginal Article
    Yongxun ZHANG, Lulu HE, Qingwen MIN
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    Agricultural heritage systems have been attracting researchers across diverse subjects and the literature on agricultural heritage systems increased rapidly in the past decade. In the China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database,513 published papers about agricultural heritage were screened from 2005 to 2015 using key words. Based on analysis of these papers,we found that research on agricultural heritage systems is still in a primary stage and that research is mainly concentrated on ecology,resources and agronomy. The institutes researching agricultural heritage are mainly distributed in Beijing. Northwest and northeast China have many GIAHS and China-NIAHS sites but hardly have any institutes. Most authors are young and with a high education degree and high professional title,thus is good for development of the subject. Studies are becoming more comprehensive due to more researcher participation from different subjects. Current studies are mainly qualitative,and quantitative studies using scientific experiments and field surveys are lacking. Even so,compared with other countries,China is a global leader in research on agricultural heritage,but some topics like the change in agricultural heritage systems lack depth. Several key research fields need be enhanced in the future:more researchers from other subjects and from institutes near to GIAHS and China-NIAHS sites to participate in different topics associated agricultural heritage;enhancing basic research on characteristics of agricultural heritage and scientific connotation;strengthening monitoring and estimation methods and practice measures; changes in designated agricultural heritage systems;and industrial development research in agricultural heritage sites.

  • Orginal Article
    Kaisheng LONG, Wei DU
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    Agricultural land conversion permission is a crucial institutional arrangement for land use regulation in China and plays an important role in controlling agricultural land conversion. On the basis of constructing a framework of mechanisms of agricultural land conversion permission,differences in driving mechanisms between central and local governments were revealed using provincial data for 2002-2012 in China. The results show that,although agricultural land conversion permission for central and local governments is driven by economic and fiscal factors,there are significant differences between central and local governments regarding resource regulation and goal orientation. In general,the central government prefers to approve agricultural land conversion strictly according to national rules of agricultural land regulation;however,local governments prefer to expand the approved conversion quantity of agricultural land against regulation rules. Compared with the central government,local government agricultural land conversion permission is more likely to be affected by arable land quantity,comparative effectiveness of land use,and fiscal income and expenditure. In addition,differences in driving forces of agricultural land conversion permission of central and local governments exist in eastern,middle and western China. Eastern China has the biggest difference,middle China is the second,and western China has the lowest. In future,solutions including strengthening division and cooperation between central and local governments,optimizing power allocation in central and local governments,and implementing management procedures according to local conditions would improve agricultural land conversion permission systems in China.

  • Orginal Article
    Minghui ZHANG, Yinying CAI
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    Based on interviews with 1394 farmer households in Xiaogan, Wuhan, Chengdu and Suzhou, China, we primarily used canonical correlation analysis to measure the relationship between farmland economic contribution and the farmland transfer market. Significant factors were extracted using linear regression, which were then used in a Quantile Regression model to quantitatively analyze drivers of farmland economic contribution on the transfer market. Spatial heterogeneity and the economic incentives of the farmland transfer market were determined. The results show that the economic contributions of farmland are significantly different in Xiaogan, Wuhan, Chengdu and Suzhou, and their growth degrees in farmland transfer markets increase from Xiaogan to Suzhou. There are significant correlations between farmland economic contribution and the transfer market. Specifically, farmland production income has an inhibitory effect on farmland transfer, which decreases with rising income. In order to balance the supply and demand of farmland and ensure the effective development of farmland inflow and outflow markets, farmland rent should be determined through market pricing mechanisms. At the same time, to better exert the incentives of agricultural subsidies, the amount and target should be appropriately adjusted. For the immature farmland transfer market it is critical to enhance farmland production income. In the transformation areas of agricultural management mode, policy instruments are indispensable to intervene and encourage the transfer, and for the sake of interests of farmers, the degree of guiding transfer and forcing transfer should be better controlled. In developed areas, the function of farmland benefits to guarantee the sustainability of farmer household livelihoods is gradually degenerated. In these areas, farmer professional differentiation is a general trend and the farmland transfer market is highly developed.

  • Orginal Article
    Laiyou ZHOU, Fangping RAO, Xianlei MA, Xiaoping SHI
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    The relationship between off-farm employment and agricultural land transfer is a hot topic,and clarifying the relationship is important for providing a decision-making reference that promotes agricultural land scale management. Here,we examines the effect of off-farm employment on agricultural land transformation from the perspective of local and migrant off-farm employment using household survey data spanning 2000,2005 and 2010 in three villages in northeast Jiangxi province,China. Analysis shows that both local and migrant off-farm employment has agricultural labor quality and quantity effects and income effects. In contrast,local off-farm employment induced weaker agricultural labor quality and quantity effects than migrant off-farm employment. Correlation between farmers’ off-farm employment and land transfer decisions using a bivariate Probit model found that migrant workers' decision-making has a significantly negative impact on migrant workers' decision-making,which indicates that the migrant workers' decision-making and migrant workers' decision-making are simultaneous decision-making. Using an instrumental variable method to test the relationship between off-farm employment and agricultural land transfer with a Probit model found that migrant off-farm employment has a positive impact on the land rented out but not on land rented in. The impacts of local off-farm employment and mixture off-farm employment on land transfer are not significant,neither on land rent in nor on land rented out. Hence it is suggested that in the context of promoting agricultural land scale management,policy makers should develop urban non-farm industries and encourage households to engage in migrant off-farm employment. This will facilitate the development of agricultural land markets from a supply side.

  • Orginal Article
    Xiaoke GUAN, Xiuli WANG, Fengrong ZHANG, Guanghui JIANG, Le LI
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    Sustainable and livable ideologies and policies have been more and more prevalent in the activities of land rehabilitation during the course of urbanization and urban-rural integration,which can profoundly prompt the re-utilization and revitalization of underused construction land in rural areas. Change in rehabilitation principles and criteria can dramatically relieve pressure form the convergence of related resources and capital on ecological environments,in order to coordinate the relationship between rural construction land and regional ecological system,hydrological functions and development gaps. In this paper,rural residences in Mentougou District of Beijing were selected for research on the rehabilitation and adjustment of rural residences in mountainous areas under rigid ecological constraints. First,three levels of territory ecological importance,high importance (458.00km2),middle importance (611.37km2)and low importance (379.86km2),were divided as the base line based on the establishment of ecological importance evaluation system for territory development. According to the evaluation indicator system and comprehensive development degree for rural residences,three development degrees,high development (433.91 hm2),middle development (448.63hm2)and low development (169.51hm2)were subdivided. Finally,coupled with the support of a mutex-matrix,local rural residences were classified into actively,restrained,transformable and withdrawable types. A smart withdraw path is put forward for withdrawable rural villages,after calculation and discussion of their landscape and spatial adjacent traits. The results of this study will be helpful for the rational distribution and resource optimization of rural residences in mountainous areas and provides a reference for equilibrium between socio-economic development and ecological conservation in mountainous areas.

  • Orginal Article
    Dong WANG, Ying CHEN, Runci YANG
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    Scientific and rational prioritization and modes for cultivated land consolidation are important for land remediation in China. At present,most of the research on project priorities mainly considers the implementation of projects and the area of obvious advantage of cultivated land resource endowment. The urgency and intensity of backward areas of cultivated land resources are often ignored. Due to the quality of cultivated land,soil fertility declines and agricultural modernization from rural areas,to a certain extent exacerbated by the trend of abandoned land,these areas urgently need cultivated land consolidation. Here,we give a brief overview of previous research on cultivated land regulation priority. Evaluation indicators for cultivated land comprehensive conditions are established according to the three sides of natural resources,main facilities and engineering conditions,site conditions,taking Maiji as an example. We use comprehensive evaluation coefficients and GIS standards classification to evaluate priorities and analysis modes. Land regulation priority evaluation results show that construction of a hilly-gully land cultivated land comprehensive conditions system is feasible. Under conditions of land comprehensive coefficient and evaluation results,we divided the zone into three classes of priority and general and limited remediation areas. Using factor combination methods,we divided the mode of cultivated land consolidation into three types:earth-banked terrace and economic forest,farmland water conservancy construction and optimization,and road shelterbelt closely woven. Determining the priority and analysis pattern of cultivated land consolidation is conductive to decision-making regarding regional cultivated land regulation and promotion of land-related work.

  • Orginal Article
    Shijin QU, Shougeng HU, Luyi TONG, Quanfeng LI
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    Measurements of urban land transition with multiple perspectives and multi-time are essential to identifying inherent driving forces of urban land transition, urban land transition control and neo-urbanization construction in China. Here,based on the definition of urban land transition a characterization framework was built. The characteristics of urban land transition,including amplitude,speed and equilibrium were analyzed using transition degree,transition dynamic degree,Lorentz curve and coefficient of variation in the Middle Yangtze River Economic Belt from 1990 to 2015. We found that the internal structure of urban land sources has changed markedly. The proportion of cultivated land in new urban land continuously decreased,while the proportion of forest and other construction land gradually increased. An indirect way that cultivated land is converted to urban land was found whereby cultivated land is firstly converted to other land then to urban land. From 1990 to 2015 a rapid and unbalanced transition process occurred in the Middle Yangtze River Economic Belt:urban land area increased 153.34%,the transition degree was 0.62,and the Gini coefficient of the new urban land area was 0.53. At the same time,the trend in increment,degree and dynamic degree of urban land transition underwent decrease-increase-decrease. A two horizontal lines and three vertical lines region with high transition degree was highlighted and formed by counties along main roads and railways. The distribution pattern of counties with high transition dynamic degree appeared as a H shape,with counties mainly located in marginal areas of the Belt. The transition degree decreased with an increase in elevation,the dynamic degree was increased at first and then decreased. Compared to non-metropolitan areas,the transition degree for metropolitan areas was higher,but the dynamic degree was lower.

  • Orginal Article
    Zhilei WU, Fenggui LIU, Qiong CHEN, Qiang ZHOU, Dengxing YANG
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    Reconstruction of high-resolution land use/land cover changes in typical region in the historical periods is of great significance to the study of past global environmental changes and global climate. It was a time node that cropland in the Tang Dynasty was the largest and the most efficient on record. Here,we collected and organized data on cropland area from historical documents during the Tang Dynasty to reconstruct the historical cropland spatial distribution of the Yellow River-Huangshui River valley (YHV)on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. We combined this with the actual distribution situation of cropland in the historical period and adjusted the distribution of settlement for a second time to reproduce the spatial distribution pattern of farmland resources in the Tang Dynasty. The results showed that cropland in the YHV in the Tang Dynasty were dominated by military Mita,it was a total of 123 Tun and the total area was 321.13km2. From analysis of cropland distribution,the spread of arable land mainly took the settlement as the center,and took the main river as the center line,and was distributed intensively in the basin of the Huangshui River and Yellow River valley area. Limited by altitude,mountainous terrain factors and a low population meant that only 11.7% of regional grids were cropland. The reclamation index was very low and influenced by natural environment factors and social productivity. It was in the early stages of agricultural development. The average reclamation rate of cropland was 9.2%,and the highest rate was 18.9%. For 31.4% of all grids the reclamation rate was less than 9%;67.6% of all grids had a reclamation index from 9%~15% and only 1% of all grids had a reclamation index which was from 15%~20%. The distribution of reclamation intensity was different among administrative units: the reclamation index was highest in Shanzhou where the average reclamation index was nearly 13%; the reclamation index in Kuozhou was far lower;and the reclamation index was lowest in Xishi region which was located in the south of the YHV.

  • Orginal Article
    Lei LIU, Xiaoyan LI, Zhiyun JIANG, Junqi WEI, Mujia NAN
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    Understanding soil water content variation at different altitudes is fundamental to identifying spatial variation in water resources across a watershed,especially under a changing climate. Here,we evaluated spatial and temporal variation in soil water content along different altitude gradients in the Qinghai Lake watershed. With the integrative consideration of temperature,precipitation,evapotranspiration and the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)during the growth season,water deficits of areas at different altitudes were explored. We found that the average soil water content(ASWC)during the middle of the growing season was the maximum(28.79%),higher than the beginning and end of the growing season in 2015,22.81% and 22.91,respectively. ASWC increased with altitude during the growing season,and there was a positive correlation between them,particularly in the middle of the growing season(P < 0.01). The analysis of water budget indicated that regions with altitudes of 3200~3300m were water deficit regions in the watershed,with a decrease of 1.24% in soil water after a growing season. Water budgets in regions with altitudes of 3300~3400m and 3400~3600m were almost balanced,which increases of 0.54% and -0.57%,respectively; an increase of 3.69% was identified in regions with altitudes of 3600~3800m. Regions with altitudes higher than 3800m were considered as water supply regions in the Qinghai Lake watershed. However,the water supply regions have been highly vulnerable to climate change and will decrease sharply if climate warming continues. This will influence water resources deeply in the watershed and have critical effects on the basin and its society and ecosystems.

  • Orginal Article
    Feiyu WANG, Chesheng ZHAN, Shi HU, Yangwen JIA, Cunwen NIU, Jing ZOU
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    Based on a new land surface model CLM_CERES,spatio-temporal changes in evapotranspiration(ET)in three typical mountains of China (Taihang Mountain,Hengduan Mountain,and Qiangui Karst Mountain) in baseline of 1951-2005 and estimation period of 2006-2060 were simulated. The CLM_CERES model was constructed by considering the scheme of water exploitation and utilization,and coupled with the crop growth and development model CERES. This new land surface model was driven by the atmosphere external forcing data of multi-model ensemble data of CMIP5. The simulated results were validated with a data-driven estimate of global land evapotranspiration (MTE data)derived from observations from a global network of micrometeorological tower sites(FLUXNET). The results showed that ET simulated by CLM_CERES was consistent with the MTE data among all three regions at a monthly scale (R2= 0.76~0.88). From 1951 to 2060,the total ET increased significantly with linear trends of 0.981 and 0.757 mm/a (P < 0.001)over Taihang Mountain and Hengduan Mountain,of which vegetation ET dominated. However,the total ET increased insignificantly over Qiangui Karst Mountain,of which soil evaporation dominated. Intra-annual variation of ET in all three regions from 1951 to 2060 showed unimodal curves with a peak region from May to September. The spatial distribution of ET was mainly influenced by climate change and topographic factors over Taihang Mountain and Hengduan Mountain. The spatial distribution of ET over Qiangui Karst Mountain was more complex due to the particularity of dualistic structure between surface and ground water.

  • Orginal Article
    Feng LI, Degen WANG, Changxue LIU, Feng SUN
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    With development of the social economy,self-driving tours,camping tourism,and outdoor adventures are on the rise. Self-driving and RV camp construction have become important ways to upgrade the infrastructure and develop the leisure economy. With the help of GIS technology,analyzing the overall characteristics of the distribution of national camps,a dendrogram shows the camp aggregation in ten plates,focusing on the driving mechanism for the development of self-driving and RV camp. From a national perspective,the distribution of camps is not in a state of equilibrium condensation (R = 0.588): the Bohai Rim,Yangtze River Delta,Pearl River Delta,Chengdu-Chongqing,Hunan and Hubei,central part of Inner Mongolia,the central and western part of Yunnan,Yanbian Jilin,west coast of Fujian Strait and northeastern Qinghai are the ten largest plates of camps. Camps tend to cluster in coastal areas,provincial cities and hot spots in central and western tourist cities. The future development of camps will be a new pattern of gathering-diffusion. From the perspective of spatial and temporal trends of self-driving and RV camping,market conditions,natural resources,transportation networks and the policy environment are the main factors affecting camp construction. Among them,the expansion of the consumer market,the increased marketing of camping products and concepts,the attraction of high endowment resources,the support of excellent ecological environments,the improvement of traffic levels and traffic line design,the use of landscape corridor spaces,the support and guidance of national policy and standards setting and planning of local policy are secondary elements that will promote the development of camps.

  • Orginal Article
    Fengrui JING, Hu SUN, Chao YUAN
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    Tourism resource attraction can reflect the characteristics of urban tourism spatial structure characteristics. Taking Chengdu as an example,we establish a tourism resource attraction evaluation system based on multivariate data,and evaluate the attraction of its tourism resources. We discuss the characteristics of tourism attraction spatial structure and reveal influencing factors via kernel density estimation and spatial autocorrelation. Some suggestions are proposed for optimizing the tourism spatial structure in Chengdu from the perspective of tourism attraction. We found that the overall tourism attraction pattern in Chengdu follows the city center > whole city > rest of the city,and there are obvious differences between different tourism resources. Tourism attraction density is uneven;the main urban area and Dujiangyan are high-value regions while other places are opposite. There are spatial agglomeration phenomena between different tourism resource points and different districts. Tourism resource attraction is significantly related with regional population density,resource density and other factors. According to our results we put forward some suggestions for tourism resource development in Chengdu across two aspects:core-periphery geographical theory and growth pole theory. Suggestions are simple but practical. First,related management organization ought to develop new natural,human and leisure tourism resources with high quality in densely populated areas because population factors are a key index that influences regional tourism resource attraction. Second,in order to improve agglomeration effects and achieve centralized development,it would be better to increase the density of tourism resources in some areas. Third,related organizations are supposed to develop new centers of tourism resource attraction. New attraction centers have improved effects on local economies,culture,environment and infrastructure.

  • Orginal Article
    Yongwen ZOU, Fengjun TIAN
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    The popularization and application of network media not only expands the perception of urban tourism spatial images,but also impacts on the construction of urban tourism space images. Chinese research on urban tourism space images concentrates on the real space level and not enough on network text space. Here,we chose Chinese comments on Nanchang Tourism on the Honeycomb travel network as research material. Our method combined content analysis and semantic network analysis to analyze network text Nanchang travel space images and presentation elements. We found that from the aspect of evaluation of tourism space images,the ‘square’ is the most important scenic spot tourism image,‘August 1st’ is the most important cultural tourism image,‘tickets’ and ‘night’ are core keywords closely associated with unique tourist attraction images,and ‘urban landscape style’ is the theme of tourism in Nanchang city environment image most preferred by internet commentators. Emotional evaluation images of Nanchang Tourism are totally positive and active. From the aspect of structural tourism space images,Nanchang core tourism Cognitive Image is ‘square’. Autumn water Square and Bayi Square are central recreation and business districts respectively in the new and old downtowns. The pattern of Nanchang tourism space image extends from Bayi Square to Pavilion of Prince Teng and the autumn square area,which form three important tourism image areas:Bayi Square,Pavilion of Prince Teng and Autumn water Square. Image elements show the characteristics of a centralized distribution downtown and a dispersed distribution in peripheral areas.

  • Orginal Article
    Shengfu YANG, Shougeng HU, Shijin QU
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    This paper aims to study the spatial distribution characteristics between urbanization and land value. This work will help promote rational land price competition for adjacent towns and coordinate the development of regional urbanization. We discussed the spatial characteristics of commercial,residential and industrial land price of 80 cities in Hubei,China,which is functioned by the coordinated development of the Wuhan urban agglomeration. Geographically weighted regression (GWR)analysis was conducted. The relationship between urbanization rate and land price was explored in detail. The result showed that the distribution of commercial and residential land prices has spatial differences and weak concentration,but the differences are relatively small and weakly discrete for the industrial land price. Instead of showing a consistent relationship among different cities and corresponding relationships with the economy,the regional distribution of relationships between urbanization and land price shows obvious spatial differentiation. The positive influences of urbanization on commercial land price in a descending order were: central Hubei, east Hubei and west Hubei. Urbanization had a positive influence on residential land price in the east Hubei than west Hubei,but a significantly negative influence occurred in west Hubei. The positive influence degree of urbanization on industrial land price was the east Hubei, central Hubei and west Hubei. Therefore,under the background of rapid urbanization,government regulators should strengthen cohesion between central cities and surrounding areas to guide the agglomeration and distribution of population, which will improve the coordinated development of urbanization between the Wuhan megalopolis and eco-tourism and cultural circles in Western Hubei. Furthermore, on account of the regional disparity of east, central and west Hubei, we should attach great importance to the leverage of land price during urbanization, regulate and control precisely in different land use types and curb improper competition in land price.

  • Orginal Article
    Yingli LI, Yong LIU, Xiuhua LIU
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    Based on price data of 2,449 housing projects in the main district of Chongqing in 2015,we used hedonic price modeling,spatial expansion modeling and geographically weighted regression (GWR)modeling to simulate the spatial heterogeneity in impact factors of housing price for this polycentric mountainous city. After comparing the three models,we found that the spatial expansion model and the GWR model performed better than the hedonic price model,and the GWR model performed better than the spatial expansion model when considering effectiveness and accuracy. In addition,the GWR model proved to be an effective method to explore spatial heterogeneity,which can reflect the spatial patterns of heterogeneity visually. A few variables,such as building age,distance to city center,and distance to city subcenters,were the most important factors affecting housing prices. The variable of TPI had a significant effect on housing price. When the terrain was flatter,the price would get higher,too. The effect of each factor on housing price varied spatially and significantly. The spatial pattern of polycentric cities such as Chongqing was more complex than for monocentric cities. The complexity was mainly considered to be closely related to the constraints of natural barriers and strategies of polycentric urban development in Chongqing. Polycentric development broke the monopoly of the housing submarket and increased the effective supply of housing in limited spaces of Chongqing. However,high-profile houses are still concentrated in the narrow valley floors between Zhongliang and the Tongluo Mountains where high-quality public facilities are located. Considering the lag in supply of public facilities in suburbs,substantial funds are needed to improve the accessibility of suburban housing to better public facilities.

  • Orginal Article
    Lei YU, Shengkui CHENG
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    China insurance premiums were 799.5 billion CNY in 2015 and are now an important part of the Chinese economy. Research into the factors influencing non-life insurance involve three fields:the economic factors influencing non-life insurance; factors influencing non-life insurance demands from a national view (but not regional differences);and time series data. Here,we analyze non-life insurance demands using regional panel data to compare differences between social factors influencing non-life insurance across provinces. We found that social factors influencing non-life insurance included education level,social security level and traffic accidents. Other social factors also influenced the development of non-life insurance in China,for example urbanization,jobless rate,important rules and medical level. All factors above are important parts of livelihoods and improvements here will have important effects on the persistent development of non-life insurance. Traffic accidents have a negative effect on the development of non-life insurance;strengthening publicity for traffic security and punishment for offences are very important. Laws and rules have a positive effect on non-life insurance and government should introduce laws and rules to improve development of non-life insurance. The social factors affecting non-life insurance vary between nations and regions and policy suggestions vary accordingly. Governments in northwest China should emphasize urbanization construction,compulsory primary education and social security. Governments in northeast China should train more doctors and increase coverage of medical care insurance. Governments in other parts of China should focus on urbanization and fair education resources. Governments along the middle Yellow River and in southwest China need to create more jobs.

  • Orginal Article
    Yan XU
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    It is important to promote the transition of Xinjiang’s industrial economy to a low-carbon and intensive one when implementing Clean Xinjiang and the Green Development Concept during the China’s 13th Five-Year Plan period. Based on panel data of 32 subdivided industries from 1999 to 2014,this paper evaluated Xinjiang’s industrial TFP and rate of change using a modified Super-SBM model and the Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index under energy and carbon emission constraints. On this basis,the contribution degree of TFP to desirable output growth was calculated. TFPs are generally low among industries,and the efficiency frontier is mainly composed of light industry and equipment manufacturing industry. TFPs of most industries have increased significantly,characterized by a growth effect caused by the out-shift of the efficiency frontier,but the catch-up effect and the scale effect are insignificant. As for the overall industry and industries with different CO2 emission density,TFPs’ growth contribution degrees have decreased within a slow fluctuation,the production dependence upon massive inputs has not weakened but strengthened,and the extensive economic growth pattern oriented by scale and speed is still in a dominant position. There is a long way to go to implement an industrial low-carbon transition for Xinjiang,and strengthening the subject environment protection consciousness,speeding up green technique progress and innovation,optimizing energy consumption structure and promoting industrial transformation and upgrading are recommended.

  • Orginal Article
    Yuhong SHAN, Feng ZHU, Mengjiao LIU
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    Using three-stage DEA modeling we estimated the real production efficiency of arable land at the county level in Hubei,China. Research shows:By comparing differences among the four regions of Hubei (western mountain region,southern-eastern hill region,Jianghan plain and northern-eastern region), some responding region-differential proposals are put forward for regulating the structure of plant industry production factors. Compared with the results of BBC (first stage),in the third stage the efficiency increases and redundancy declines significantly,verifying that the three-stage DEA model,to a certain extent,can eliminate the influence of external environmental factors and random factors,and can show the real efficiency of one DMU in a degree. There are obvious spatial differences in arable land production efficiency and redundancy of plant production factors. The western mountain region and southern-eastern hill region have high redundancy rates for labor force and it is important to take certain measures to transfer the agricultural labor force to nonagricultural industries. The Jianghan plain and the northern-eastern region have higher redundancy rates for agricultural machines,yet there is a difference between the poor use of agricultural machines and redundant agricultural machine resource inputs and methods to raise the efficiency of agricultural machinery in the Jianghan plain and reduce the amount of agricultural machines in the northern-eastern region are needed. Fertilizer input redundancy has a regularity of spatial distribution. The Jianghan plain and northern-western region should cut down on the amount of chemical fertilizer used. Policy makers should lay down regional-differential policies to improve the structure of planting factors and the efficiency of arable land usage.