Construction of a national demonstration destinations for tourism is important to improving construction of a tourism destination system,implementing strategies for global tourism and establishing reasonable regional tourism product systems. Clarifying the space form and access standard system of various national tourism demonstration bases will deepen understanding and practice of the National Tourism Demonstration Base. Combining six aspects of trends in new tourism destination transformation and upgrading （development orientation,development factors,market relocation,spatial distribution,industrial structure and management and operation of tourism destination） this work systematically analyzes the basic concept and connotation of the national tourism demonstration base. This paper discusses the relationship between relying area and core area,and the science base and space orientation which may be involved in base selection. The framework of the tourism demonstration base,the basic space structure and the main elements of the tourism demonstration base are proposed. The paper also studies the scientific basis,spatial orientation,access standards,monitoring and evaluation system,relationship between region and core area,relationship between government and market of the national demonstration destination for tourism selection and the relationship between similar demonstration destinations. Establishing a national demonstration destination for tourism greatly promotes development of regional tourism. This article will guide planning and construction of the national demonstration destination for tourism in the new tourism development stage. It has theoretical and practical significance to enhancing the system construction of tourism destinations.
With the global warming, the gradual increase in urban heat island effect, summer tourism is the most urgent needs of the summer travel. This paper currently our country summer tourism resources as the foundation, studies and discusses the spatial suitability distribution of summer tourism base construction. The research by UTCI climate comfort index and GIS spatial analysis method and AHP analytic hierarchy process（AHP）based, with GIS spatial analysis technique of multivariate data modeling processing, weighting to obtain the tourism climate comfortable degree index, in order to build the national A-level scenic spot core center, service industry around radius, to build a comprehensive a number of industrial chain elements, tourism environment comfortable, at home and abroad has an influence on the comprehensive summer tourism base. The findings are as follows. The spatial distribution of China’s summer tourism resources exhibits a double-peak characteristic, with concentrations in the mid- and high-latitude and high-altitude regions. Second, the specific spatial distribution included areas surrounding the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Liaodong Peninsula and coastal areas of Shandong Peninsula and the part of in southwest China. The Liaodong Peninsula and coastal areas of the Shandong Peninsula is the most ideal summer tourism destinations. The second largest concentration of suitable summer tourism destinations is found in the southwestern mountains and plateaus, with Guiyang and Kunming as the core and including their peripheral areas. Next is the northeastern mountains and plains, comprising Shenyang, Jilin and their peripheral areas. Fourth largest is the central region of the northwest, with Xining and Lanzhou as the central axis and radiating in a north-south direction.
A cultural tourism base is an important foundation in realizing cultural power and the development of cultural tourism in China. Here we use multivariate data,GIS and comprehensive analysis of current cultural tourism resources,tourism development status and future tourism development potential. Now the construction of national cultural tourism base has formed a ‘landscape and urban integration’ tourist area that relies on district relations,mainly through the construction of cultural corridors and cultural excavation in the form of accelerated urbanization and urban agglomeration. By looking at the scientific basis of the development of a humanistic tourism industry and spatial orientation of industrial development we can understand spatial humanities tourism industry suitability. These data are useful in guiding reasonable suggestions aimed to enhance the level of humanistic tourism development. The results showed that the suburbs of Yanzhao culture region,the culture region of the Loess Plateau,Wuyue cultural region,Bashu cultural region and the southwest minority culture sub-region were areas with the highest humanistic tourism suitability. Areas suitable for cultural tourism are mainly distributed in the Huaihe River Valley cultural district,Jingxiang cultural sub-region,Qilu cultural sub-region,Lingnan cultural sub-region,Taiwan straits cultural sub-region and Poyang cultural sub-region and the central plains cultural sub-region. The basic suitable area of cultural tourism is distributed in various cultural areas in China,but most of this is located in the nomadic cultural sub-region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,the Guandong cultural sub-region the Mongolian new grassland-desert nomadic cultural sub-region.
Ice-snow tourism is an important direction for China's tourism planning and upgrading, research pluralistic geographic information data, based on GIS spatial platform, comprehensive analysis of ice and snow tourism resources and environment, tourism development and the current situation of the tourism development potential of evaluation, comprehensive evaluation national snow and ice tourism demonstration bases suitable location. And then, summary of national ice-snow tourist destination evaluation system, the construction of ice-snow tourism demonstration area. The results showed that: (1) Integrated analysis of resource base, development status and future potential, China Ice-snow tourism development mainly concentrated in Heilongjiang, Jilin province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the future. Ice-snow tourism industry development mainly depends on the development model of urban + tourist, specifically targeting Harbin, Changchun-Yanji, and Changji cities (Prefecture). Ice-Snow tourism development in the Northeast region of the scale and degree of influence in a leading position. The northeastern region of ice and snow tourism products rich, including ice and snow geology, mountains, lake water, ice art museum and so on. Northwest, southwest of the snow and ice tourism industry to watch the snow-capped mountains, ecological experience and other products. (2) From the resource base, Tibetan ,Qinghai and ningxia province(Autonomous Region) rich in snow and ice resources, but the snow tourism industry development is difficult. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region hold unique resources, suitable for carrying snow tourism projects, development of snow tourism products, is the focus area of ice-snow tourism in the future. (3) From industrial development and potential, the top ten urban agglomeration areas of southeastern does not have the outdoor ice and snow tourism resources, not suitable for the development of snow tourism industry. Beijing, Tianjin and North China regions have a certain amount of Ice-Snow resources, can take the natural and artificial ice-snow tourism products tourism product combination of methods to expand the snow tourism industry.
Marine tourism represents an important direction in China's tourism industry transformation and upgrade. Here we use pluralistic geographic information data based on a GIS spatial platform to analyze tourism resources,current tourism development and the future of marine tourism. Comprehensive assessment of appropriate regional national marine tourism demonstration base construction. We found that China’s marine tourism development is mainly concentrated on the Eastern Liaodong Peninsula in the Bohai Sea,northeastern Shandong Peninsula in the Huanghai Sea,the Minnan Sea,East China Sea and southwest Hainan Island in the South China Sea. Marine tourism industry development mainly depends on the development model of urban + tourist,specifically targeting Sanya,Xiamen,Dalian and Weihai,as urban regions relying on coastal tourist resorts as marine tourism demonstrations. Dalian and Weihai also need further planning for the development direction of the marine industry;mining industry developmental characteristics give full play to the northern coastal city as marine tourism leaders. On the basis of resources,the southern waters of the South China Sea,western Guangdong,and eastern and western waters in Guangxi rich in marine tourism resources are suitable for co-development of coastal beaches,island-types and other coastal tourist resorts. Sansha,Beihai and Yangjiang city are key areas for marine tourism in the future. In industrial development and potential,the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta coastal regional centers have industrial development potential. We need to improve the resource base environment and build an international coastal city of marine tourism destinations,innovate urban agglomeration collaboratives,develop the marine tourism industry,rationally use rich coastal and island resources,and lead international marine tourism development.
The energy industry plays an important role in China’s economic development. This paper analyses the process of energy industry distribution and focuses on a key period of energy industry development. Centralization and diffusion patterns of energy industry from 1985 to 2010 are analyzed based on the Gini coefficient,Lorenz curve and spatial autocorrelation analysis. We then built a system identification framework to identify energy industrial bases and draw a distribution map. Spatial characteristics and evolution of energy industrial bases are discussed. We found that the space distribution of energy industry as a whole is relatively balanced,but the centralization and diffusion patterns of categories （coal,oil and electricity）are significant different. The spatial distribution of the coal mining and dressing industry presents for first dispersion and then relative concentration and re-dispersion. Petroleum and natural gas mining shows a dispersion trend,but the overall degree of agglomeration is high. The spatial distribution of the production and supply of electric power and hot power is relatively more balanced,and shows a clear trend of agglomeration. The total number of energy industrial bases was stable in the study period. Most of the bases are concentrated in central China. The number of bases in western China shows an upwards trend. Persistent-energy-industrial-bases total 33 and occupy an important position in China’s energy industry. New and emerging energy industrial bases are mainly distributed in energy-rich regions such as Inner Mongolia,Xinjiang,Shaanxi and Shanxi. Integration of energy industrial bases is obvious. The scale of comprehensive industrial bases increased,while the scale of single energy industrial bases comprises small characteristics. With relevant industrial development,single energy industrial bases are transforming to comprehensive industrial bases.
Resource and environment issues involved in energy resource exploitation have become increasingly prominent. Due to inadequate consideration of these issues,economic evaluation methods are criticized and new methods are needed. The important role of energy resource exploitation is to provide net energy for society,and Energy Return on Investment （EROI）is a relative physical method that measures net energy from energy resource exploitation. To take environment and labor factors into consideration,this study introduces emergy theory and methods into EROI and establishes a new method termed Emergy-based Energy Return on Investment （EmEROI）as a new method for evaluating energy resource exploitation. EmEROI treats environmental impacts and labor as a particular state of flowing energy or stored energy. Using the Daqing oilfield as a case study,we found that the EmEROI of it decreased from 6.3 in 2001 to 3.6 in 2012. The declining EmEROI indicates that net energy from Daqing oilfield exploitation is decreasing. Compared with the Standard EROI, the EmEROI result is much lower and the decline trend in EmEROI is more obvious,better fitting the actual situation. Focusing on the energy resource base of economic activities,EmEROI is an ecological index indicating the evolution of energy resource exploitation. Much more attention should be paid to EmEROI as it is a relative physical index reflecting the relationship between natural resource and economic activities. It is important to consider EmEROI as an auxiliary index when evaluating emergy resource exploitation.
Based on provincial panel data modeling from 1994 to 2014 we take advantage of transportation infrastructure investment scale and lagging data to explore the relationships between traffic investments of all kinds and energy consumption in China. The research shows that at a national level,the relationship between investment in railway,highway,airway or waterway and energy consumption is a U-shaped trend. The relationship between investment in airway or waterway and energy consumption is a N-shaped trend. At a regional level,the relationship is an inverted U-shaped trend while it is insignificant in consideration of waterway investment in western China. The inflection point of railway or highway investment is closely related to economic development,while the inflection point of airway or waterway investment is hardly related to economic development. In developed areas,the inflection point is low and high in developing areas. Further analysis found that railway and highway investment helps reduce energy consumption the most. The construction of high-speed rail and expressway is beneficial to interregional industrial transfer and structure adjustment and promotes low-energy industry development such as tourism. In accordance with national and regional data validation,we should increase transportation infrastructure investment to decrease energy consumption,achieving the goals of supply-side structural reform in 2016 such as cutting overcapacity,destocking,deleveraging,reducing costs,identifying growth areas and advancing the The Belt and Road Initiative.
Exploring the factors that influence urban household energy consumption provides a basis for the reasonable energy consumption of urban residents in China. Based on eight regions in China （Beijing-Tianjin region,northeast region,northern coastal region,southern coastal region,eastern coastal region,central region,southwest region,northwest region）we establish a static panel data model to analyze the impact of actual consumption expenditure,energy price and energy saving policy on the energy consumption of urban residents from 2000 to 2013. We found a long-term cointegration relationship between urban household energy consumption and actual consumption,energy prices and energy saving policy. Energy price has the greatest negative effect on the energy consumption of urban residents. Actual consumption expenditure has a significant positive effect on household energy consumption,and its growth rate is greater than urban household energy consumption. The lag period of energy saving policy is two years,in other words,energy saving policy has a certain effect on household energy consumption after two years but the effect is small. Due to the level of economic development,household energy is mainly used in heating and cooling （climate becomes a key factor influencing residential energy consumption）and the effects of energy saving policy,actual consumption expenditure and energy price on household energy consumption show spatial differences. Since the level of economic development and energy saving policy both play an important role in household energy consumption,we should reduce urban household energy consumption by adjusting the structure of household consumption expenditure,increasing the price of energy,and strengthening advocacy and implementation of energy saving policy.
Quantitative research into carbon leakage from the EU is the basis of emission burden allocation among countries,the foundation of carbon tariffs for the EU and the guidance of INDC in China. Based on the multiregional input-output model,this study calculates the scale and distribution of carbon leakage from the EU to China and other major countries. The results show that the scale of carbon leakage from the EU to China is increasing. From the view of industrial distribution,carbon leakage in China is mainly distributed in basic metals and metal products,other non-metallic minerals and water transportation,chemical products and air transportation,accumulatively 60% of total carbon leakage. Around the world,the leakage rate of China has decreased significantly from 20.12% in 1995 to 7% in 2011,and from 2nd to 6th place globally. In 2011 the EU imported more than 10.73% of its products from China,the largest export country in the world. Compared to other countries,the imports rate is higher than the carbon leakage rate in China. Given this case,China is relatively insensitive to the EU’s leakage and tariffs;however,under pressure from carbon tariffs and commitments to reduce emissions China should adjust industrial structure and trade strategy of sensitivity of the industry and cooperate with other countries to negotiate with the EU on carbon tariffs. We should emphasize the duties of carbon consumption countries to gain development technology and space.
Global warming and greenhouse gas emissions have become key factors restricting economic development in China. Shanxi Province is top-ranked nationwide in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and faces huge challenges regarding emissions reduction as an important national energy and heavy chemical industry base in China. A reasonable forecast of the peak year of carbon emissions will help clarify the accessibility of carbon-reduction targets and the effectiveness of carbon reduction programs. Here,taking Shanxi’s annual GDP growth rate,energy saving rate and the replacement rate of renewable energy as parameters,we use different scenarios and combine IPAT modeling to predict medium and long-term energy carbon emissions and peak years of carbon emissions. Results show that compared with the annual replacement rate of renewable energy,the annual GDP growth rate and energy saving rate have more influence on the medium and long-term carbon emissions of Shanxi under current energy and structural conditions. The annual GDP growth rate and energy saving rate are critical for whether carbon emissions peak in 2030. Given the small to medium annual GDP growth rate,Shanxi’s carbon emissions peak before 2030,coupled with energy conservation and energy structural adjustment. However,under the high annual GDP growth rate scenario,carbon emissions in 2015-2040 keep rising,and will not peak assuming constant current annual energy savings and the replacement rate for renewable energy. Raising the annual energy saving rate and replacement rate for renewable energy by 0.6 percentage points would ensure that carbon emissions peak by 2030.
Based on an input-output table for BRIC countries in 1995,2000,2005 and 2011 we explored embodied carbon emissions in trade between BRIC countries by dividing the economy into 11 departments. The structural decomposition method was then used to analyze embodied carbon in trade according to different industries. The results show that Russia has become a pollution heaven because it has been in the import and export trade with implied carbon net surplus countries,and the scale of the net surplus has been expanding. The absolute amount of implicit carbon in China's import and export trade has increased year by year,but the characteristics of implicit carbon are different： metal products,rubber,textile and other industries are in a trade surplus and the size of the trade surplus continues to expand,while the mining industry is in a long-term deficit. China has become a net surplus of import and export trade since 2000,and is gradually becoming a pollution heaven. Similar to China and Russia,the absolute amount of implicit carbon in Brazil increases year by year,but the growth is small. Trade implied carbon in Brazil is in a basic equilibrium state and Brazil does not belong to the pollution heaven class of countries. During the sample period,India was a net deficit country of import and export trade,and the scale of the net deficit expanded. India has been in the import and export trade implicit carbon net deficit, and the size of the deficit has expanded year by year. It shows that India is not a pollution heaven,on the contrary it is constantly benefiting from foreign trade. The results of the decomposition of embodied carbon in BRIC countries are similar. The scale effect is the main driving factor of embodied carbon emissions. The structural effect promotes embodied carbon emissions,but it is not significant. The technical effect restrains embodied carbon emissions.
The economic gap between resource-based cities and other cities is an important aspect of the imbalance in regional development and will be tackled in China's 13th Five-Year Plan. Through analysis of economic convergence,we investigated the economic gap between 69 resource-based cities and 135 other cities from 1999 to 2013. We found that resource-based cities converge faster and that the gap is narrower. Structural decomposition analysis of the economic convergence in resource-based cities shows that resource type cities have significant structural differences. For example,a faster overall economic convergence rate is found in western China and declining resource-based cities. There is no economic convergence for other industries in the growing resource-based cities except for the secondary industry. A lower convergence rate was found for secondary industry in mature resource-based cities. Economic convergence in eastern resource-based cities （excluding the three provinces in the northeast）is still the highest. In recent years,the convergence trend has slowed down in some resource-based cities. China is implementing reform of the supply side at present and developed areas will open new growth pathways after breaking this bottleneck. In this case,resource-based cities must keep up with the wave of transformation in order to prevent a widened economic gap.
As a developing country,the assessment of Chinese industrial circular economies should have its own criterion whereby Chinese environmental loads should be permitted to increase within a certain range alongside industrial growth. Here,we divide the process of assessment into a horizontal comparison and vertical comparison. First,we set up a reference system and analyze development levels of the industrial circular economy in Shizuishan City based on the assessment index of eco-efficiency,and propose future directions. Second,based on the C Model of Circular Economy,we construct a measurement model of development performance of the industrial circular economy in which Shizuishan is studied from 2005 to 2020,and development performance of the industrial circular economy in Shizuishan is assessed. We found that development of the industrial circular economy in Shizuishan has been promoted greatly since 2005,there is an obvious phenomenon of unhooking between the industrial scale and environmental load,but present development levels lag behind other coal cities in the Eastern Region,Central Region and national average. Second,in relative terms,the environmental efficiency of Shizuishan is better than resources efficiency,and the industrial circular economy is better than the C model of high-efficiency. Third,the C Model of the circular economy is an appropriate developmental model for China and can assess the development level of regional circular economies. Fourth, the accuracy of industrial circular economy assessment methods from horizontal comparison and vertical comparison is higher than those based only on a vertical comparison.
The coordinated development of urbanization was the key to promote the level of regional urbanization. This approach also contribute to solve many realistic problems resulting from the rapid urbanization of some regions. Using coupling coordinative development interactive mechanisms for urbanization and system coupling,here we analyzed the spatial pattern of urbanization coordinate development in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area. We found differences among the inner dimension of urbanization and the index showed obvious spatial differences. The index of economic urbanization was the most different;the index of ecological urbanization showed the least difference. The distribution of economic urbanization and land urbanization were roughly coincident. The index of comprehensive urbanization showed a core-periphery distribution pattern. The market mechanism of urbanization was not strong and the difference between industrial gradient and public service investment was large. Regional coordination mechanism was not perfect,so the trickle-down effect of urbanization was not strong. Spatial differences in urbanization coordination development were evident and the index was one of northeast high/north and south low. Each dimension index of urbanization in the northeast region was relatively high and the difference was very small. The difference in the urbanization index was large in the southern region. Each dimension index of urbanization was very small in the northern region. Based on the status quo of coordinated development in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area,we propose enhancements of market mechanism of urbanization such as breaking interlocal and departmental partition and blockage; building regional uniform markets; enhancing regional industrial cooperation; and deepening upstream,mid-stream and downstream industrial chains. We should also establish the concept of coordinated development which puts people first;seek comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development;and promote the coordinated development of urbanization according to local conditions.
The monitoring of spatial variation in soil salinization forms the premise of the rational use of saline soil. The number of sampling points will affect the expression of spatial variation of soil salinity. Here,geostatistical methods were used to extract 12 soil sample subsets for Kenli County in the Yellow River Delta,China. The effect of different sampling numbers on the expression of soil salinity spatial variation was explored. The results showed that a great degree of variability in soil salinity. Effective ranges of most sample sets were between 13.47km and 16.77km. When the sampling number was less than 150 sample points,effective range was decreased （< 6.10km）,small samples were better in indicating the variation characteristics at small scales （< 6.10km）. With a reduction in sampling numbers,the capacity for describing details was weakened. Spatial variation structure was not expressed well,especially when the number was small（<150）. With increasing sampling numbers,the root mean square error （RMSE）was reduced,indicating that the accuracy of the kriging interpolation method was reduced. With increasing sampling numbers,the mean error（ME）had no obvious reduced trend. In summary,the samples number to meet the spatial variability of soil salinity should not be less than 150. We conclude that,in evaluating kriging prediction accuracy the single evaluation index may not be able to completely evaluate predicted results. Combined with the actual fact,a variety of comprehensive indexes may be needed to evaluate predicted results. These findings are applicable to other areas with similar environmental conditions to Kenli County.
Rapid development of ports has influenced the coastal ecological environment in China heavily. The successive creation of high resolution remote sensing images makes it possible to carry out research on the evolution of land use in port areas. Here,we first built a detailed land use classification system that reflects port development and land use characteristics based on high resolution remote sensing images. Then,taking three ports at different stages of development （Dongdu,Haicang and Songyu）,we study the mechanism of land use structural evolution caused by port construction. The results showed that the rapid development of ports led to large increases in port land,industry land,urban residential land and traffic land;natural and semi-natural land such as cultivated land,wood land,shoal land and sea have been occupied. The characteristics and causes were different for ports at different development stages. For Haicang and Songyu （early and rapid development stage）,land use evolution was mainly driven by port transportation development,port land and industry land expanded at a large scale,but urbanization is lagging. For Dongdu （completed rapid development）,land use evolution was driven by interactions between urbanization and port development;urban land is now the dominant regional land use type,but industry land also increased as a result of port development. This kind of research on ports and their development will be important in the implementation of the ‘One Road,One Belt’ strategy in China.
Farmland conversion results in certain problems and the attitudes of farmers towards conversion is receiving increased attention. The purpose of this study was to better understand the issues related to coordinated urban and rural development via exploring the needs and perceptions of rural residents to farmland conversion. The method of Participatory Rural Appraisal was used in the Xining peri-urban area. A total of 204 householders from four villages completed valid questionnaires. Comprehensive consideration of location conditions,land acquisition,development type and other factors was undertaken alongside analysis of respondent willingness,economic perception,social security and landscape value. The results indicate that rural residents’ perception of farmland conversion are consistent with the overall direction and that farmland conversion has positive and negative effects on their lives. Our sample perceived that farmland conversion caused economic and social pressures,reduction in economic income,increasing cost of living and employment insecurity. They feel that the air is dry and freshness declines after conversion,but that living environments and infrastructure are improved. Differences in perception are affected by per capita cultivated land,planting structure,location conditions,and land development direction. The government should guide farmland conversion step by step,consider rural livelihoods,enable residents to participate in the distribution of land value-added income,and improve rural employment security.
