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  • Orginal Article
    JIANG Dong,YAN Xiaoxi,FU Jingying
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    Human activity information extraction is a primary part of nature reserve monitoring,and remote sensing technology has become a significant method to obtain human activity information. However,with the rapid development of remote sensing technology,various remote sensing data resources with multi-spectral and multi-spatial resolution are available. It cannot be ignored that data sources of different scales have significant effects on nature reserve monitoring. How to choose the most suitable data source for human activity information extraction and nature reserve monitoring is a key problem to be solved. In this study,we choose commonly used Landsat-8 satellite and GF-1 satellite’s imageries of resolution 2m panchromatic band,and resolution 8m/16m/30m multi-spectral bands,for six different kinds of human activity information extraction. By telling the difference among human activity information extracted from different scale data sources,we attempted to provide support for the selection of the most suitable data source in nature reserve monitoring. A case study is carried out for Lingwu Baijitan National Nature Reserve in Yinchuan, Ningxia,showing that imageries with higher resolution gets a better result of human activity extraction. Well-distributed,centralized and large area human activity landscapes could choose medium and low resolution imageries as the data source, while uneven distributed, fragmentized and small area human activity landscapes which has high requirements of details should choose high resolution imageries as data source. Research result is supposed to provide decision support for the establishment of nature reserve monitoring schemes in China.

  • Orginal Article
    HUANG Yaohuan,ZHAO Chuanpeng,YANG Haijun,DING Fangyu,LI Zhonghua
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    To protect,restore and enhance regional soil and water conservation,wind prevention and sand fixation,flood storage,and the conservation of biological diversity and other important ecological functions,the government of China established national key ecological function regions (NKEFR). NKEFR are focused on protection and restricted exploitation,with the goal of establishing a society based on sustainable development and ecological civilization. Here,we extracted ecological changes across 510 counties in NKEFR designated by the Ministry of Environmental Protection in 2010 and 2015 based on the object-oriented method,and analyzed spatial and temporal changes in the ecological environment influenced by human activities using the land-use transfer matrix method and kernel density estimation. We found that 71.77% of the changes in NKEFR is the transfer of land to mining,industry and construction,and 27.53% to vegetation. This indicates that human activities in NKEFR are focused on production and construction activities. In other words, human activities tend to industrial and agricultural regions in space. Kernel density estimation identified five hotspots:Yanshan Mountain region,Luliangshan Mountain region,Loess Plateau,Wudang Mountain area and Dabie Mountain area;these accounted for 24.64% of change according to the number of change polygons. Area-weighted kernel density estimation identified a hot spot,the Xilamulun River region,accounting for 20.53% of change in area. This article provides a scientific basis for the management and protection of NKEFRs.

  • Orginal Article
    SONG Xiaoyang,SHEN Wenming,WAN Huawei,HOU Peng,LIN Gang
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    Animal habitat integrates various kinds of environment factors of life and is the basic condition for animal survival. Tibetan antelope (Genus species)are a grade I protected species in China and endangered. In recent years,Tibetan antelope habitat has been damaged by human activity. Therefore,the evaluation of Tibetan antelope habitat suitability is significant for the continued protection of its habitat. Here,in consideration of Tibetan antelope habitat needs and ecological environments in the Hoh Xil Nation Nature Reserve, we constructed an evaluation index system consisting of ecosystem structure,DEM,slope,water source,human activities and roads. Based on domestic GF-1 remote sensing satellite images of 2013 and 2014,we adopted remote sensing technology to extract habitat factors (ecosystem structure,water source, human activities and roads). Then,combining with DEM data,the distribution of Tibetan antelope habitat suitability was evaluated using evaluation modeling. We found that suitable and the sub-suitable habitat for Tibetan antelope were mainly distributed in grassland where the elevation is 4100 to 5200m above sea level,and they are within 500 to 2000m of water resources and far from human activities and roads. The area of suitable and sub-suitable regions are mainly distributed in core and buffer zones accounting for 14.78% of the total area in Hoh Xil Nation Nature Reserve in 2014. Compared to 2013,the area of suitable regions and sub-suitable regions increased by 161.00km2 and 60.82km2 respectively,and this indicates that habitat quality has improved somewhat.

  • Orginal Article
    WAN Huawei,GAO Shuai,LIU Yuping,ZANG Chunxin,XU Shiguang
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    Grassland degeneration has resulted in a series of social,economic and ecosystem environmental problems,so monitoring changes in grassland is very important. With the development of technology,Remote Sensing (RS)and GIS provide new means for the study of grassland degeneration. Based on the classification of grassland degradation degree calculated by vegetation coverage,we introduced the Grassland Degradation Index (GDI)to characterize grassland degradation in our focal area. The value range of GDI is from 0 to 5. When GDI is large,it means that the area of grassland degradation is more serious. When GDI>4,it means there is extremely severe degradation and when GDI <1,it shows that there is no degradation of pasture in the area. Hulun Buir Grassland was dynamically monitored from 2003 to 2012 using long time series of MODIS data and the two indicators of vegetation coverage and GDI. Finally,the driving force of changes during the ten years were analyzed combined with meteorological data. The results indicate that the Hulun Buir Grassland Ecosystem is fragile,and interannual variability of GDI is dramatic. There is spatial heterogeneity in the grassland degradation degree:grassland degrades more seriously in the west than in the central and eastern regions. In recent years,however,grassland degradation in the central and eastern region has aggravated while the west region has improved. Moreover,the comprehensive analysis of meteorological and artificial factors shows that changes in Hulun Buir Grassland Ecosystem quality are mainly affected by extreme climate,mining and industrial construction.

  • Orginal Article
    WANG Ling'en,ZHONG Linsheng,CHENG Shengkui
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    With continuous improvement in living standards and the rapid development of tourism,tourism consumption is becoming an important part of daily life and one kind of social phenomenon which is increasingly popular. Tourism consumption behavior is a typical off-site consumption process. While bringing positive tourism revenue to the local government and community,tourism consumption impacts regional resources and environments through large-scale population movement across regions. However, systematic research on the resource and environmental effects of tourism consumption are lacking and a theoretical research framework has not yet been formed. Here,we use document analysis and inductive methods to review research progress into the resource and environmental effects of tourism consumption. We elaborate on the analysis framework of resources and environmental effects of tourism consumption from the perspective of tourism consumption system of ‘six elements’. The mechanism of the resources and environmental impact of tourism consumption is summarized. We argue that tourism consumption drives new space -oriented resource consumption,and then changes the spatial distribution of the flow of resources. It can also lead to the centralization of resources and information flow to the tourism destination from the relatively decentralized source market. Tourism consumption affects regional resources and environments the following ways:(1)the characteristics of off-site consumption of tourism consumption has changed the pattern of the original allocation of resources;(2)changes in tourists’ consumption content changes the regional resource flow efficiency and supply structure;(3)resources provided by long distance driven by tourist consumption increase the environment impact of resources consumption;or (4)the burstability and centrality of tourism consumption challenges the integrated environmental carrying capacity of the tourism destination. We conclude by proposing specific research foci.

  • Orginal Article
    YAN Bingjin,ZHANG Jie,LI Li,PENG Hongsong,ZHENG Chunhui,QIAN Lili
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    Tourists' experiences of the landscapes after natural disaster can provide some theoretical references to exploit and manage such tourism resources. Here,we measured dimensions of tourists’ experiences and differences for Beichuan earthquake relics empirically. Demographic and regional differences in tourist experiences were also explored using non-parametric tests to provide some references for the management of tourism resources related to disaster or death. We found that dark tourist experiences can be understood from emotional and cognitive experiences,containing experiences of morality,person,education and knowledge. According to human-land relationships,post-disaster tourism destinations may evoke moral experiences in which feelings of sympathy are the main theme. The gender,profession and education of tourists did not influence their moral experience. In some senses,tourists are affected by disaster landscapes and more likely to generate emotional experiences (judging from mean value). There are certain temporal and regional differences in the tourist experience of post-disaster destinations and both emotional and cognitive experiences show changes over time. Tourists coming from Sichuan province have a more intense emotional and cognitive identity with the post-disaster tourism destination. In addition to personal experience,the landscape experience of people from Sichuan was higher than for people from outside Sichuan. Certain regional differences exist among tourists with different levels of education regarding personal and educational experience. Significant regional differences in learning experience are represented among tourists who have different levels of gender and level of education.

  • Orginal Article
    LIU Junsheng,MA Yaofeng
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    Supply perception for different groups play an important role in tourism destination coordination development. Through surveys of inbound tourists and local residents we construct two groups perceived structural equation model of tourism supply,and from macro and micro perspective analysis the two groups tourism supply perception degree and differences. We found that after twice common factor extraction of the sample data,we extracted the common perception factors of tourism supply for the two groups,including the human environment,the natural environment and safety,transport services,quality of service and facilities,tourism,information services and marketing,tourist attractions, and then constructed a structural equation perceived assumptions model for the two groups. Inbound tourists and local residents have macroscopic differences about the perception of tourism supply,inbound tourists pay attention to the level of destination development and software environment (the external manifestations of emotion in the process of tourism consumption)but local residents pay more attention to the basic level consumption,including destination tourism resources,security and marketing conditions. The extracted first order hidden variable perception of inbound tourists for path coefficient of tourism supply is slightly higher,the local residents path coefficient for the perception of tourism supply is relatively low;and the 42 measurement terms of first-order latent variable path coefficient about inbound tourists is relatively low,but local residents path coefficient is relatively high. Tourism supply perception is influenced by individuals and groups of cognitive ability and perception level,and restricted by macro conditions such as tourist destination tourism supply structure and development level. The role of the group also leads to differences in the perception of destination supply.

  • Orginal Article
    NIU Haipeng,XIAO Dongyang,GAO Zhifang
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    The scientific measurement of cultivated land protection externalities in grain-production-dominated zones is an important basis of the regional and interregional economic compensation standard of cultivated land protection. At the same time it is also a key link for the construction of economic compensation mechanisms of cultivated land protection. The cultivated land protection externalities boundary of grain-production dominated zone is related to the scale of the research field,which affects the measurement and segmentation of externalities. Therefore,in this study,a concept model of multi-level boundary with respect to cultivated land protection externalities in grain-production-dominated zones is proposed. Based on this,the measurement method and model of cultivated land protection externalities and its external multi-level boundary are constructed. Three typical grain-production dominated counties:Taikang County (Zhoukou)in Huanghuaihai Plain,Tanghe County (Nanyang)in Nanyang Basin and Wen County (Jiaozuo)in the north and western piedmont plain of Henan province were selected as study sites. Externalities and scale effects of each these counties were measured and analyzed under prefectural and provincial boundaries. We found that the externalities of cultivated land protection in grain-production dominated zone have multi-level boundary characteristics. The boundary can be a natural boundary line (watershed boundaries,etc.)and also can be a social-economic boundary line (administrative boundaries)as well. There are significant temporal-spatial differences of the externalities between theoretical value and realistic value under the actions of boundary scales variations. These differences will affect the criteria of economic compensation per unit for cultivated land protection and the strength of inter-regionally fiscal transfer payments. A dynamic multi-level compensation system needs to be established based on the regulation of superior government and fiscal transfer payments in light of temporal-spatial variations in externalities.

  • Orginal Article
    ZHANG Ting,ZHANG Anlu,DENG Songlin
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    We analyzed homestead exiting behavior,expected returns and the expecting risks using a binary Probit regression model and looking at farmers in Shanghai. Our goal was to provide a reference for establishing voluntary and compensatory homestead exiting systems. We found that the age of farmers,part-time months and annual household income significantly positively impact farmer residential quitting behavior. The plot number of residential land has a significant negative influence on farmer homestead quitting. Whether farmers can collect all compensation has a negative impact on farmers’ willingness to quit; if compensation can be given to farmers,farmers show greater willingness to withdraw from the homestead. When farmers consider compensation to be reasonable,they are more willing to withdraw from the household. Regarding risk,after withdrawing residential land and housing area reductions (which results in negative effect that the household land property income for farmers disappear),when households face a risk of reducing the value of housing the willingness to quit weakens. When the cost of living increases,farmers’ jobs becoming more unstable and both of these factors negatively impact farmer behavior to withdraw from residential land. If compensation can be given to farmers and the compensation is reasonable,farmers share the expected return of the process of residential land quitting and are more willing to withdraw from residential land. However,the higher the risk associated with quitting residential land,the less willing farmers are to quitting. Farmers are more willing to keep the original homestead and production methods in order to reduce risk. Therefore,the government should consider the farmers’ expected returns and risks during the process of residential quitting.

  • Orginal Article
    JIN Gui,DENG Xiangzheng,CHEN Dongdong,WANG Pei,SUN Zhongxiao
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    Farmland conversions has become one of the most important factors affecting agriculturally sustainable development in China,and spatial patterns of farmland transfer are particularly important to food security. Based on sample data of household surveys,we introduce the Elbers,Lanjouw and Lanjouw’s Method to map farmland conversions in the North China Plain in order to obtain the direction and scale of farmland conversions. Further,we analyzed the aggregating characteristics that refer to index of farmland conversions using LISA. We found that the scale of farmland inflow ranges from 440.79hm2 to 1379.87hm2,and the scale of farmland outflow ranges from 908hm2 to 2745.29hm2. The scale of farmland inflow shows an increasing space situation from west to east. While the scale of farmland outflow shows an increasing space situation from northwest to southeast. The values of Moran’s Ii related to farmland inflow and farmland outflow respectively are 0.78 and 0.89,indicating that the scale of farmland inflow and farmland outflow in the North China Plain have positive associations in space (the HH agglomeration and the LL agglomeration)and both have strong relevance. At the confidence level of 95%,county unit rates of farmland inflow are 16.67% for HH agglomeration and 20.61% for LL agglomeration;county unit rates of farmland outflow are 19.06% for HH agglomeration and 26.32% for LL agglomeration;the counties of HH agglomeration have become the core area in the North China Plain and have a stronger positive impact,meanwhile LL agglomeration has a relatively stable spatial distribution and negative impact. These results will lay the foundation for optimizing farmland conversions.

  • Orginal Article
    YANG Jianxin,GONG Jian,LI Jiangfeng
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    Here we validate the feasibility of gaining transformation rules for cellular automata modeling using Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LSSVM)methods,and apply it to the simulation and prediction of complex land use change. We took land use change information from 1991 to 2004 for Ezhou,Hubei as training data. With the application of LSSVM and Logistic Regression methods,we obtained two sets of transformation rules respectively. Comparison and analysis were made between them with the help of an enhanced ROC method. We then simulated land use scenarios for 2013 using a united LSSVM-CA model and predictions to 2020 and 2030. The results show that the LSSVM method has a better output than the Logistic Regression method in simulating the spatial distribution of land use types that have a large area and a complex change process,such as cultivated land,construction land,aquaculture land and other land. Compared with the actual land use scenarios in 2013,the precision of simulation output derived from the LSSVM-CA model is 0.80. The Kappa coefficient is 0.73,which is at a high level of consistency and better than the simulation results gained from Logistic-CA model. In the future,some districts will have a large demand of construction land and a large number of cultivated land will be occupied. Farmland in the eastern and southern low-hilly area will transform into forest land in a big way. We conclude that the LSSVM method can be used to obtain transformation rules in a cellular automata model and can gain a good result in simulating land use changes. The simulation results provide meaningful decision-making reference points for the study area in land planning,farmland protection and ecological environmental protection.

  • Orginal Article
    ZHOU Linfei,YAO Xue,LU Xiaofeng
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    Remote sensing data is the main resource for wetland monitoring because of its rich information. The BP neural network is widely used in remote sensing image classification with the characteristics of self-learning,adaptive and massively parallel processing. However,it is easy to fall into local minimum value,with slow convergence speed. A BP neural network classification method based on tolerant rough sets is put forward here,taking the Shuangtaizi estuarine wetland as the research object divided into 8 categories (water,culture pond,suaeda,reed,paddy,beach,residential land and mixed vegetation) and Landsat-8 OLI remote sensing data on 26 May 2014 as the data source. To satisfy the application demand,image preprocessing was needed including radiometric correction at the systematic level and geometric correction by ground control points and digital elevation model data for Landsat-8 data products. First,deal with sample data set collected in the study area using tolerant rough set theory preprocessing to obtain new training samples. Second,a classification model based on BP neural network was established by Matlab software platform,and land-cover information was extracted. Then it conducted evaluation for classification effect using a confusion matrix. Results show that the BP neural network based on tolerant rough set classification can eliminate noise in the training sample data,improve the success rate of training of the network and shortening the network training time. It obtained a good classification effect with an overall accuracy of 91.25%,Kappa coefficient 0.8969,increased 7.92% and 0.0926 than traditional BP neural network classification method,and 3.03% and 0.0357 higher than the pretreatment method based on rough set attribute reduction. BP neural network classification based on tolerant rough set is a preferable land-cover classification method which can help managers monitor wetland dynamics.

  • Orginal Article
    JIA Yaofeng
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    Domestic ecological migration began in the early 1980s in China,in which the economic society began its rapid development. Ecological migration stemmed from incoordination between economic society systems and resource environment systems. The effect of the implementation of ecological migration policy has become a focus of governments and scholars. Here,I conduct a comprehensive review of domestic ecological migration research and systematically analyze the present research status by evaluating the object,content,methods and results of domestic ecological migration. Research on the evaluation of ecological migration benefits are mainly aimed at typical migrant projects in central and western provinces of China. By applying qualitative and quantitative analysis,research has investigated the economic,ecological and social benefits of ecological migration by single factor or multi factor from different perspectives,with a focus on the evaluation of the economic income of migrants. The results of the evaluation of the ecological migration benefits are affected by the capacity of the resource environment,the process of migration policy making and implementation,and adaptability of migrants,but data sources and evaluation methods for evaluation studies also influence the evaluation results. Research on the evaluation of the benefits of ecological migration in the future should pay more attention to the comprehensive investigation of economics,ecological environment and social cultural psychology of the whole migration area,and select third-parties to conduct the evaluation for the formulation,implementation and effect of ecological migration policy.

  • Orginal Article
    CHENG Chao,TONG Shaoyu,PENG Haiying,YAN Shaokai
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    One of the major constraints restricting expansion of central Yunnan urban agglomeration is that of water shortage. Determining the ecological carrying capacity of water resources for central Yunnan urban agglomeration is needed to solve water shortages and achieve coordinated development of the regional society,economy and ecology. This study used the water resource ecological footprint model,Gini coefficient and gravity model to analyze equilibrium state,time and space,and the degree of deviation of the balance of water resources and ecological carrying capacity for central Yunnan urban agglomeration. We found that the ecological carrying capacity of water resources varied from 0.216 to 1.370 ha per person between 2006 and 2014,with great regional differences and inter annual variation. The ecological carrying capacity of water resources is unbalanced for supply and demand,showing temporal variation in an unstable state. The Gini coefficient of the ecological carrying capacity of water resources varied from 0.372 to 0.626 between 2006 and 2014,within the range of a great distance;the coefficient of spatial variation of the ecological carrying capacity of water resources varied 0.358 to 0.804 between 2006 and 2014,showing the imbalance of regional space as a whole. The center of gravity of water resources and ecological carrying capacity in the central Yunnan urban agglomeration deviates from its geometrical center,which is the southern region,tending to average annual offset distance of 40.6 km,and the ecological carrying capacity of water resources in the region does not correspond to population,economy or resource environment.

  • Orginal Article
    JIANG Cuihong,LI Guangyong,CHENG Tao,CHEN Zhantao,ZHANG Haoran
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    The Qinghai Lake watershed has mostly alpine meadow cover. We used a modified Costanza’s model,revised to incorporate the extent of vegetation lushness and the effective time of vegetation providing ecosystem services to evaluate ecosystem service values (ESV)and analyze spatial patterns for the year 2000 and 2012. The results show that the total ESV of the Qinghai Lake watershed was 1.54×1012 CNY,a rise of 1.20×108 CNY on 2000. Water was the main source of Qinghai Lake watershed ESV,followed by grassland,woodland,farmland,and desert in 2000; however,the total ESV of desert exceeded farmland because of farmland area decline and desert area increases in 2012. Different land cover type spatial patterns in the whole space determined spatial pattern heterogeneity for ESVs in the Qinghai Lake watershed. Grassland ESV showed a latitudinal zonal pattern across the whole space,while some areas showed vertical zonal variation because of vegetation coverage and growing season changes across latitudes and vertical zones. ESV spatial patterns change significantly under the double disturbance of human activities and climate change,some regions with high ESVs from concentration distribution to uniform,grassland ESV in the space increased,and the range of Qinghai Lake with high ESV expanded. Land use change under human disturbance was the main reason to reduce total ESV,and the potential impact of climate change on ecosystems helps to increase ESV of the watershed. These data provide a scientific basis for the government to make ecological environmental protection policy under climate change for the Qinghai Lake watershed.

  • Orginal Article
    ZHANG Ying,XIE Yuchu,QI Shanshan,GONG Jie,ZHANG Lingling
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    Research into the spatial distribution characteristics of carbon storage plays an important role in ecosystem carbon pools and management. Based on the carbon module of InVEST and GIS,the Bailongjiang watershed in Gansu,China was selected as a case study to estimate carbon storage and analyze the impact of vegetation types,elevation,slope and slope direction for the spatial distribution of carbon storage. The total carbon storage of the watershed was 251.57 TgC,and the average carbon density was 136.46 MgC/hm2. Among them,the soil carbon storage accounted for 202.20 TgC while vegetation carbon storage was 49.37 TgC,soil carbon storage was the main part of the total carbon storage in the Bailongjiang watershed. The spatial distribution of carbon storage was concentrated in the northwestern mountain forest region (e.g. Diebu Count)and the southern area of Baishuijiang (e.g. Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve). Spruce and fir and evergreen coniferous forest occupied the largest vegetation carbon in the watershed;the value in the eastern and southeastern part of the study area was lower,such as in Wudu District and the northeast part of Tanchang,and the carbon storage in alpine sparse vegetation area was the lowest. Carbon storage had apparently spatial differentiation with the zonality of elevation,slope and slope direction in the Bailongjiang watershed. The watershed carbon storage increased with increasing elevation,then decreased with increasing elevation. Most of the watershed carbon storage was distributed between 1500m to 3500m and 25° to 40°. Carbon storage was higher in the areas belonging to shady slope and semi-shady slope than that of semi-sunny slope and sunny slope. These results can be used for the governance of ecosystem carbon pools and human activities at the watershed scale.

  • Orginal Article
    REN Guoping,LIU Liming,FU Yonghu,YUAN Chengcheng
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    The factors affecting livelihood capital are non-stationary; therefore,a general linear regression model based on the assumption of ‘stationary hypothesis embedding’ is not accurate for the analysis of these factors for farmers. Here,the method of aggregative indicator was used to calculate the total livelihood capital of administrative villages in Qingpu District,then to cluster. We adopted an ordinary least square model(OLS)and geographic weighted regression model (GWR)to examine the spatial differentiation of factors affecting the total livelihood capital of administrative villages. We found that the total livelihood capital and classification distribution of administrative villages has obvious spatial differentiation. Total livelihood capital gradually increased from west to east;the classification of agricultural livelihood capital gradually reduced from west to east;while,the classification of non-agricultural livelihood capital gradually increased from east to west. Results demonstrate that economic and social factors had a larger impact on the total livelihood capital of administrative villages in Qingpu District than geographical and spatial factors. Industrialization degree,GDP per area,distance to center of downtown,urbanization rate,and disposable income of farmer household were positively correlated to variation in livelihood capital. Compared with the traditional ordinary least square model(OLS)based on ‘stationary hypothesis embedding’,the geographical weighted regression model(GWR)was based on ‘non-stationary’ reveals more profound spatial differentiation of factors. These results can provide scientific reference points for the sustainable development of farmer household livelihood and land spatial consolidation in metropolitan suburbs.

  • Orginal Article
    JI Dengyan,SHI Xiaoping,QIU Tongwei,MA Xianlei
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    Whether the new forestland property rights established during the new round of collective forest tenure reform could motivate farmers to management their collective forestland and obtain sustainable forestry income is an important catalyst for evaluation of the new round of collective forest tenure reform. Base on the 598 households survey data collected in Suichuan and Fengcheng Counties of Jiangxi Province in 2015, this paper examines the impact of households’ recognition of forestland property rights(including forestland property rights security and forestland property rights integrity) on households’ forestry income after the new round of collective forest tenure reform. The results indicate that the impacts of the forestland property rights on forestry management efficiency and forestry income is uncertain as forestland property rights integrity and security may have opposite effects on forestland investment or forestland transfer, which may affect household’ forestry productivity. The empirical results indicate that the reduction of households' expected forestland expropriation risk is conducive to improving households’ forestry income;in terms of forestland property rights integrity recognition, households’ recognition of the integrity of mortgage right have positive impact on households’ income from forestry, while due to the imperfections of supporting systems, households’ recognition of the integrity of abandon rights and use rights negatively affect households’ forestry income. Therefore,the government should strictly prohibit illegal forestland expropriation and reduce the restrictions from local government and village collective on farmers’ forestland property rights,and further strengthen publicity and education of legal knowledge about forestland property rights to improve farmers’ recognition of forestland property rights, as well as improve the rural credit market and social security systems to increase the executive ability of forestland property rights and promote the growth of farmers’ income from forestry.

  • Orginal Article
    WANG Kai,LI Zhimiao,YI Jing
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    Given that ecological resettlement has a far reaching effect on household livelihood,we constructed a sustainable livelihoods index system of ecological relocation households in the Wulingyuan world heritage area. We analyzed differences in households’ livelihoods between immigrant households and non-immigrant households and changes with respect to the dependence degree on tourism. A logit model was built to investigate how different livelihood capital factors affect immigrant and non-immigrant livelihood strategies,dependent on tourism. We found that compared with non-immigrant households' stock level of livelihood capitals, those of ecological migration household is more advantageous in the context of ecological migration project. The mean human capital of immigrant and non-immigrant households was 0.601 and 0.577,physical capital was 0.488 and 0.442,financial capital was 0.258 and 0.231,and social capital was 0.469 and 0.393,respectively. Ecological migration makes households' livelihood strategies more diverse. However, immigrant households' follow-up supportive measures for production are not adequate. Therefore, more capital and technology should be applied to variety in employment patterns of non-immigrant households. The government should perfect ecological migration project and supervise the provision of subsidies timely aiming at immigrant households. Human and financial capital are significant for immigrant and non-immigrant’s livelihood strategies. Immigrants who own better social capital are more likely to choose tourism-dominant livelihood strategies. The more material capital non-immigrants have,the more opportunity they have to choose tourism-dominant livelihood strategies. Financial capital is the lowest but has the most impact on households’ livelihoods strategies dependent on tourism. Perfecting the system of aid and credit system to improve financial capital is imperative.