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  • Orginal Article
    SU Qun,WANG Feifei,CHEN Jie
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    The advance of rural market-oriented reform make the rural-households differentiation. These differences caused farmers' different dependence on the land,the cognition of value and the property preferences. Finally, the different types of rural-households have different land transfer ways. To explore how will the different types of rural-households from rural-households Differentiation dispose their land. Based on the perspective of rural-household differentiation we investigated different types of rural-household land transfer methods by using cross sectional data of fixed observation points in China from 2003 to 2011. The results of Logit and Tobit model analysis show that maintaining existing land scales and not being involved in renting land are still primary land disposal methods across all types of rural-households. Concurrent business does not necessarily lead rural-households to rent or rent out land. The influence of family labor force,the level of family off-farm employment,rural householder's age,numbers of plots,regional terrain and whether the area is suburban across all types of rural-household land disposal methods are basically the same. For a high level of part-time farming,rural-households which have more land or prefer to plant commercial crops are more likely to rent out their land and their land transfer scale is larger. But for the high level of part-time farmers,if their household has a higher level of education they tend to not rent out their land. The land transfer policy has different influences on different types of rural-households. For pure farmers and part-time farmers of type I,the policy drives them to rent their land and the scale of land rent is bigger. For part-time farmers of type II,the policy have a positive influence on the scale of the land they rent out. For non-farm farmers,policy drives them to rent out their land and the scale of land rent out is larger.

  • Orginal Article
    WAN Qun,WANG Cheng,DU Xiangzuo
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    The patterns of production space formed by the new main bodies of agricultural management can play the ability of resource endowment of villages,guarantee farmers employ locally,and promote the intensive and efficient target of production space of villages to complete. Here,we take the Dazhu Village in Hechuan District,Chongqing as a case study and build an index system of evaluation about natural conditions,location conditions,facilities conditions,labor force conditions and circulation conditions (restrictive conditions). Then,we use the method of natural fracture(Jenks)to reclassify the evaluation results of arable land to 5-grade. Based on the spatial distribution of the above grading results,with concentration and continuity as the classification principles,we redefine the patterns of production space for Dazhu Village into four areas (advantage area,good area,middle area and poor area) and extract four patterns formed by the new main bodies of agricultural management (e.g. demonstration area of agricultural enterprise,the development area of agricultural enterprise,the gathering area of professional investors and the family farm area with features). These results can provide theoretical guidance and practical reference regarding the aspects of resource endowment using of villages in hilly and mountain areas,moderate scale management,and the reconstruction of production spaces in villages.

  • Orginal Article
    WANG Ping,WANG Wenxiong,YANG Haixia,YANG Gangqiao
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    Rural resident effective participation is an effective way to promote the performance of rural land consolidation projects. Finding out the influence path for rural resident effective participation affecting the performance of rural land consolidation projects is of significance when improving land consolidation performance. Firstly,the influence path among rural resident effective participation,project management behavior and performance of rural land consolidation projects was constructed. Then,the mediating effect analysis model was used to test the rationality of influence. We found that rural resident effective participation has a direct positive effect on rural land consolidation performance,and an indirect positive effect on rural land consolidation performance through project management behavior. Measuring results of the influencing effects shows the value of indirect effects far more than the direct effect in every phase and the whole process of rural land consolidation project; the indirect effect makes up 90% of the total effect. So the influence path was validated,and rural resident effective participation promotes the performance of rural land consolidation projects through project management behavior. Compared with promoting the performance of rural land consolidation projects by improving the degree of rural resident effective participation,the performance would be improved significantly if combined with the optimization of project management behaviors.

  • Orginal Article
    SUN Guangyou,WANG Haixia
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    Based on study for more than half a century,the formation of Songnen Plain Soda Saline-Alkline Soil is a result of the synthesis effect of environmental action: the mine cause is salt sedimentation from land surface water and underwater when the water is evaporated. Our study considered salt soil,alkaline soil and other saline-alkaline soils over an area of 393.70×104hm2. This area is stable today,but the saline-alkaline process continues. Planting rice is one known way to improve saline-alkaline soil. To test the feasibility of large-scale rice planting,the Daan Irrigation Area and Songyuan Irrigation Area were established. These projects increase the food base,improve the environment and facilitate economic development. Establishing a similar project on the Songnen Plain means it will become the fourth major rice cultivation area in northern China. However,any development on the Plain poses risks such as pollution of the Songhuajiang River and Chagan Lake,and secondary salinization. Based on assessments of these ecological risks,several measures are proposed,including embargoing end water such as saline-alkaline water from the rice-growing areas in the Songhua and Nen Rivers,and building a wetland to hold end water and avoid pollution from entering Chagan Lake. The construction of a wetland for water disposal will be a first globally.

  • Orginal Article
    CAO Liping,ZHU Dajian
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    Academic researches on energy performance contracting(or energy service contracting, or energy management contracting) are mainly about its mechanism, and the mainly research method is case studying while the empirical researches on performance of energy service contracting are relatively rare. In order to do further research on the key influencing factors of energy performance contracting and build its perfect performance evaluation system and according to Sustainability Science(2.0)thought,the relationship hypotheses among the three-bottom-line performance,multi-stakeholder satisfaction,satisfaction of cooperation,process management effect and overall service performance are proposed by analyzing the theoretical framework of contracting energy management service performance. Thus,the 3D (Subject,Object and Process)evaluation model of contracting energy management service performance based on the driving force model 'Pressure-State-Response' (PSR)is structured. Meanwhile,the theoretical model and 15 proposed research hypotheses are examined empirically using structural equation modeling based on data from a 109-questionnaire survey in the Shanghai region. The results show that two hypotheses failed to pass examination (relationships between energy service performance and energy conservation service companies' satisfaction and government's satisfaction); all other research hypotheses passed. We found that each dimension factor has a great influence on the whole performance of contracting energy management. Other core stakeholder satisfaction has a positive effect on cooperation satisfaction except two stakeholders' satisfactions (energy service companies and the governments). The satisfaction of energy service companies has a significant negative impact on cooperation satisfaction. Finally,based on the above findings,several suggestions and countermeasures about process management and cooperative governance of main stakeholders are put forward to provide useful guidance on the implementation of contract energy management.

  • Orginal Article
    WANG Huogen,RAO Pan
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    The Chinese government has made a set of policies to promote the development and application of new energy technology throughout the countryside. Determining which policy is more popular is important. Based on data from 1113 households in the Poyang Lake eco economic zone,we looked at the priority of energy technology policy using clustering analysis methods to support the household application of energy technology policy support policy demand stratified cluster. We found that description analysis of the priority order of arrangement,appearing 300 times was grant fund use of new energy sources for households,followed by the purchase of new energy equipment,and preferential subsidies. Purchasing energy efficient appliances,and energy-saving lamps and lanterns appeared 284 and 197 times respectively. After-sales service appeared only 17 times. In the 11 policy,continue to subsidize farmers to implement energy-efficient appliances,energy-saving lamps and lanterns or money or buy preferential policy is the most popular. Age deviation, household energy consumption expenditure, abundant wood, and life style type are main factors that influence farmers' demand for policy.

  • Orginal Article
    SHEN Jun,SUN Han,CHENG Jinhua
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    China is facing the dual pressures of the control of total energy consumption and carbon abatement, guiding and controlling the energy consumption of urban residents becomes very important. Residential energy consumption is China's second largest category of energy consumption. It is important to research residential energy consumption for reducing Chinese resident's energy carbon emissions, completing reduction targets and combatting global warming. Using spatial econometric analysis techniques we established a spatial econometric model with a two spatial weights matrix from geographical and socio-economic characteristics to examine the spatial effect and region difference of provincial urban residential total energy consumption in China from 2008 to 2012. We found that: the economic distance weighted spatial econometric model based on socio-economic characteristics can explain the spatial effect and region difference of Chinese urban residential total energy consumption;a positive spatial correlation in urban residential total energy consumption was significant, and eastern region exhibits a high-high assemble of urban residential total energy consumption; residential energy price and urban population size were important factors of urban residential total energy consumption, while residential energy price was more important. Therefore, the government needs to adopt differentiated energy policies for different regions during policy formulation, while optimizing energy pricing mechanism, implementing stepped residential energy prices, changing residential energy consumption attitudes, increasing awareness of energy conservation and guiding green residential energy consumption.

  • Orginal Article
    LI Rui,ZHANG Wuyi
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    As economy of China grows rapidly,the logistics sector,by the tremendous needs of the market,is developing quickly and the scale and energy consumption are exploding. Studying energy consumption and demand in the logistics sector is significant in the implementation of energy conservation and ease energy pressure. We screened 11 main factors affecting energy demand in the logistics sector,and then established a model of prediction and simulation of energy demand from 2001 to 2012 on the basis of the radial basis function (RBF)neural network whereby energy demand in the logistics sector from 2016 and 2020 is predicted. We propose some recommendations to improve energy consumption efficiency based on the independent variable important analysis and measure energy efficiency in the logistics sector. We found that total energy consumption of the logistics sector increased continuously from 2001 to 2012. With further development of China's logistics sector,energy demand will keep increasing for years to come and energy consumption will arrive at 51 261.92 million tons in 2020. Compared with a GM (1,1)model and back propagation (BP)neural network,the RBF neural network is better than both in terms of forecast accuracy for the logistics sector. The variable of investment in fixed assets has a deeper impact on energy consumption in the logistics sector than other variables. The energy intensity of the logistics sector is significantly higher than China's GDP,to save energy and improve energy consumption efficiency the logistics sector needs to change energy utilization and development modes.

  • Orginal Article
    ZHAO Lin,ZHANG Yushuo,JIAO Xinying,WU Di,WU Dianting
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    By evaluating the marine economy efficiency, we can know the development level and the input-output condition of regional marine economy and provide references for promoting the marine economy development mode toward the intensive direction. This paper is based on consideration of undesirable outputs from the SBM model and Malmquist productivity index model when,measuring marine economic efficiency values for 11 coastal provinces in China from 2001 to 2012 and analyzing dynamic changes. We found that the marine economic efficiency value of inconsideration of undesirable output was higher than the one for consideration of undesirable output;undesirable output has a significant effect on marine economic efficiency. The spatial pattern of marine economic efficiency shows that the efficiency of northern and southern China is high,and the middle area is low in the initial stage; in 2012,the spatial pattern shows three poles. Chinese marine economic efficiency showed a fluctuating upward trend from 2001 to 2012,meaning that the inefficiency is changing to an effective state,but remains low. The regional absolute and relative gap of marine economic efficiency in coastal provinces shrank and then expanded. Inter-provincial variation of marine economic efficiency varied from province to province. Eleven coastal provinces can be divided into four patterns:leveling,increasing,descending and fluctuating. Total factor productivity,technical efficiency and technological progress efficiency slowly increased. Technological advances play an important role in enhancing total factor productivity. Total factor productivities showed an ascending trend in all provinces except Guangxi,Hebei and Jiangsu. The evolution of marine economic efficiency can be divided into three stages since 2001:a declining and fluctuating stage(2001-2005),transformation stage(2005-2008))and improving stage(2008-2012). The driving mechanism in these three stages are marine resources,policy,market and technology,respectively.

  • Orginal Article
    WANG Xiaobing,XU Di,ZHANG Yanjie,YANG Jun
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    As the most important grain crop in China,rice production is vital to livelihoods and national food security. The level of agricultural mechanization is rising and at the same time the rural labor supply keeps decreasing. Within this context,the overall goal of this paper was to analyze the correlation between labor wages and rice mechanization. We set up datasets based on provincial panel data of early indica rice,medium indica rice,late indica rice and japonica rice from 1984 to 2012. Using the stochastic frontier production function,we estimated the contribution of different factors to rice production. We then analyzed the substitutional relationship between the use of machinery and labor. We found a negative correlation between the use of machinery and labor in rice production. The use of machinery and labor is significant to rice production. The output elasticity of labor is more than fifty percent for all the four kinds of rice. When the input of machinery increases by 1%,the output will be increased by 0.23% to 0.33%. With farm size expansion,the labor force input reduces relatively and technical efficiency improves. Thus,mechanized production will play a core role in China's rice production in the future. Policy implications have been provided at the end of this paper. Under the background of increasing China's economy and urbanization,we recommend the continued promotion of mechanization production.

  • Orginal Article
    HUANG Zaisheng,CHEN Qin
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    The process of marketization of forestry carbon sequestration is slow and one of the key influencing factors is the cost of carbon sequestration. This paper builds a model of forestry carbon sequestration costs based on afforestation cost methods referencing Benitez's model for carbon sequestration that considered the opportunity cost of land use and the carbon release cost of wood products. We then conducted an empirical analysis over 20 years of the slash pine afforestation of carbon sequestration project in Ruian city,Zhejiang,China and analyzed factors (e.g. rotation period,timber price,discount rate,and the price of labor)influencing the carbon sequestration cost. The results showed that increasing the rotation period resulted in the cost of slash pine carbon sequestration declining and then rising. When the timber value was taken into account the lowest cost of carbon sequestration of 20 years slash pine was 21.86 CNY/t. When the timber value was not considered,its lowest carbon sequestration cost was 670.33 CNY/t,which was higher than the carbon price in both international and domestic carbon markets and would not receive benefits from carbon sequestration. We also found that costs of carbon sequestration and the timber price were negatively correlated,while the discount rate and labor price were positively correlated. We focus on the break-even point of timber price,discount rate and labor price of carbon sequestration afforestation,and the critical value was 660 CNY/m3,5.44% and 155 CNY per day,respectively,in the international carbon market; in the domestic carbon market these values were 900CNY/m3,6.38% and 116 CNY per day,respectively.

  • Orginal Article
    HUANG Heping,PENG Xiaolin
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    The study of land use efficiency is a focal point in sustainable development and urbanization between the resource environment and social economy. Promoting the harmonious development of resources and economic growth is a major issue in China. Decoupling theory has been applied to probe the mechanisms of coordinated sustainable development and measure the speed and extent of decoupling. Here,a theoretical framework of decoupling was applied to changes in land use efficiency and an improved analysis paradigm of changes in land use efficiency from decoupling perspective was developed. The more accurate and regulatory Tapi-model was applied to calculate the coefficient of elasticity between land resource consumption and economic development. Changes in urban land use efficiency in different periods and between continuous periods after 1990 in Nanchang were analyzed,and the strategies for promoting urban land use efficiency are discussed. We found that urban land use efficiency in Nanchang city declined in most periods,it still did not achieve the decoupling of construction land expansion from economic growth and even sloped to a strong negative decoupling (the most unacceptable status). The urban land use efficiency between continuous periods in Nanchang city fluctuated. After exploring both reasons for urban land use efficiency changes we conclude that controlling the increment of urban construction land and vitalizing continually the stock of urban construction land are suitable for decoupling urban construction land expansion from economic growth and promoting urban land use efficiency in Nanchang. Industry optimization and institutional guarantee are also needed. Combining urban planning with land use overall planning,and regulating urban development edges are the most important methods for controlling urban disorder expansion effectively. Last,vitalizing the stock of urban construction land requires the guarantee of economical-intensive land use assessment exam and the reform of the finance-tax system.

  • Orginal Article
    TONG Rui,AO Changlin,JIAO Yang,GAO Qin
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    The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)is one of the most widely used methods to estimate values,especially the non-use values of natural resources and environmental goods. As the hypothetical properties of elicitation,CVM has been disputed by the academic community for years. The purpose of this paper is to test the effect of cheap talk (CT)with promoting reminding scripts,to examine whether the reminder of substitutes is appropriate as an assistant means and to explore how ecological awareness and cognitive attitudes impact on respondents' willingness to pay(WTP). To do so,we took the Songhua River Basin as our research object and designed questionnaires into three treatments classified by different reminding scripts. By contrast,the reminder of substitutes was not suitable for estimating non-use values of environmental goods in that the concept of substitutes made the respondents confused and resulted in biased WTP. Instead,the CT assisted by content of budget constraints worked better and relieved the hypothetical bias. The WTP per capita evaluated with CT was between 248.71CNY/a and 258.81CNY/a and the non-use values of the Songhua River Basin were between 13.62billion and 14.17billion in 2012. The hypothetical bias cause by traditional survey methods accounted for 3.8% to 5.5% of total non-use value. Ecological awareness and cognitive attitudes influenced respondent WTP to different extents and this should be considered by decision-makers. These findings will be helpful in furthering research into CT and provides useful references for governmental environmental policy-making in China.

  • Orginal Article
    YANG Yan,ZHAI Yinli
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    Western Liaoning is ecologically fragile and a key ecological function area in China. Growth and decline in forest resources here is of great significance to ecological safety. This paper defines farmer forestry management behavior as joint management behavior,forestry investment behavior,and forestry production technology using behavior. We evaluate the quality,quantity and structure of forest resources from three indicators:planting age,planting scale and forest category. This paper uses the ordered Logistic model and binary classification Logistic model and performs metrological analysis of the factors affecting quantity,quality and structural change of forest resources,from the point of view of the organization,management and fund raising and technology use,based on 199 questionnaires of forest farmers in west Liaoning. The results show that financing way, householder gender, householder age and migrant workers has a positive effect on plantation age, the financing channels and regional has the negative influence on plantation age. Financing way, householder gender, level of education and social capital has a positive effect on planting scale, financing channel and the traditional technology of cultivation has the negative influence on planting scale. Without adopting the traditional technology, the use of forestland cleaning technology, householder age has a positive effect on forest category. To realize the sustainable development of forest resources,strengthening the practical technology training of farmers and improving the Grain for Green Program subsidy amount are needed. Let large planting growers who understand technology and have experience in planting trees contracting woodland,through the forestland circulation and contract after rent. To enhance the survival rate of afforestation,give full play to the role of the credit loan and forest right mortgage,reduce the loan threshold,and continuously meet the capital demands of forestry management.

  • Orginal Article
    MA Jingmei,WANG Xinying,JIA Hongyu
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    The issue of "carbon leakage" caused by imbalance of carbon emissions embodied in trade draws widespread attention of the world under the background of climate change.
    This paper establishes a model of imbalance of carbon emissions embodied in bilateral trade and calculates the imbalance of carbon emissions embodied in Sino-Japan trade using a non-competitive input-output table for 2001 to 2011. We found that the complete carbon emission coefficient of each sector in China is higher than that of Japan,with rather big differences between the two countries. China has maintained a surplus of carbon emissions via Sino-Japan trade,though it acts as a deficit trader in general. As a consequence,China has been in a situation of 'double imbalance' in both trade value and carbon emissions embodied in trade at the same time;(3)China performs as a surplus country of carbon emissions embodied in Sino-Japan trade in each sector,and textile,electrical and optical equipments have the largest imbalance scale of carbon emissions embodied in bilateral trade among all sectors. SDA was used to decompose the effects that influence the change in imbalance in carbon emission embodied in Sino-Japan trade. China's export scale and intermediate input structure significantly drive the increase in the imbalance in carbon emissions embodied in bilateral trade,while China's carbon intensity and import scale plays the opposite role,i.e. eliminating the rise in carbon emissions embodied in Sino-Japan trade. Therefore,greater efforts are needed to improve low-carbon technology and decrease carbon emission intensity in the manufacturing procedure,and the production and trade structure should be optimized to effectively alleviate the imbalance in carbon emissions embodied in China's foreign trade to promote the coordination of foreign trade and environmental protection.

  • Orginal Article
    DENG Mingjun,DENG Junjie,LIU Jiayu
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    Researching the carbon emissions trend evolution rule and carbon reduction potential in regional crop fertilizer application is of great significance for formulating reasonable agricultural carbon reduction policy.Based on actual outputs and fertilizer inputs and types for three main grain crops in China we used the carbon emissions coefficient method to estimate and analyze the space-time evolution of carbon efficiency and carbon emissions reduction potential in Chinese grain crop fertilizer consumption from 2005 to 2013. We found that the amount of carbon emissions per unit product in the Jiangsu,Anhui,Ningxia,Gansu and Shanxi maize-growing area,Hubei,Shanxi and Ningxia wheat planting and Liaoning,Shandong,Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Shanxi and Hunan rice-growing area decreased significantly. Carbon emissions per unit product in the Heilongjiang,Jilin and Xinjiang maize-growing area,Yunnan and Henan wheat-growing area and Jilin,Guangxi and Yunnan rice-growing area increased. Compared with soil testing and formula fertilization,carbon emissions per unit product were high in 2013 in the Jiangsu,Shanxi,Hubei,Guizhou,Guangxi and Yunnan maize-growing area,Shanxi,Neimenggu,Shanxi,Gansu,Ningxia,Xinjiang,Hebei,Sichuan,Yunnan and Jiangsu wheat-growing area,and Hunan,Jiangsu,Hainan,Anhui,Yunnan,Guangdong and Guangxi rice-growing area. The carbon emission reduction potential of the maize-growing in China is 5.74 million t CE and focuses on Heilongjiang,Liaoning,Jilin,Shandong,Neimenggu,Shanxi,Yunnan,Guizhou and Guangxi. The carbon emission reduction potential of the wheat-growing in China is 4.75 million t CE,focusing on Hebei,Jiangsu,Shandong and Henan. The carbon emission reduction potential of rice-growing in China is 2.06 million t CE,focusing on Hunan,Guangdong,Guangxi,Jiangsu and Jiangxi. Combined with field investigation and analysis we propose potential carbon emission reductions in food crop cultivation through policy incentives and market operations in order to improve the effect of soil testing and fertilizer application technology.

  • Orginal Article
    LI Yanmei,ZHANG Hongli
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    With rapid development of urbanization in China,households have become the focus of energy savings and emissions reduction. Here,household CO2 emissions in 30 provinces from 2000 to 2012 are calculated. Then a panel model is constructed to analyze regional difference in the urbanization impact on household CO2 emissions. We found that the impact of urbanization on household CO2 emissions has played a catalytic role and there are large regional differences. Provinces with the highest impact of urbanization on household direct CO2 emissions are mainly distributed in eastern China and northeast China,such as Shanghai,Heilongjiang and Jilin. Provinces with the highest impact of urbanization on household indirect CO2 emissions are mainly distributed in eastern China,such as Shanghai,Beijing,Zhejiang and Guangdong. While provinces with medium and low impact of urbanization on households direct and indirect CO2 emissions are mainly distributed in the central and western China. From the perspective of expenditure elasticity,we further analyzed reasons for differences in the impact of urbanization on provincial household CO2 emissions. The result is that the higher the impact of urbanization on household CO2 emissions,the larger the expenditure elasticity of CO2 emissions. The elasticity of direct CO2 emissions is related to different consumption increases in gasoline and electricity,and the elasticity of indirect CO2 emissions is associated with an increase in the amount of consumption from the industry sector. Therefore,developing public transportation and paying attention to saving energy in daily life in regions where household direct CO2 emissions are highly influenced by urbanization are significant,and improving the efficiency of energy use by industry in regions with a high impact of urbanization on household indirect CO2 emissions.

  • Orginal Article
    YANG Lu,LI Xiafei,YU Shuxia,LIU Wei,HU Ronggui
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    Livestock manure is one of the main sources of agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions. Proper management of livestock manure can reduce GHG emissions and mitigate environmental pollution at the same time; however,the mitigation potential of optimal livestock manure management is not clearly stated. In order to estimate the mitigation potential of pig manure management,Hubei province in China is used as a demonstration place. Based on field surveys and natural conditions,the appropriate manure management mode for each farming scale in Hubei is chosen. The protocols for estimating GHG emission factors proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)is used to analyze current GHG emission factors and optimal scenarios for pig manure management,and then predict the mitigation potential of GHG emissions. Under optimized pig manure management,for the same farming scales and patterns in 2012,4 683ktCO2-eq of GHG emissions could be reduced in Hubei. Meanwhile,the methane (CH4)emission factor reduced to 29.12% of the current value and the nitrous oxide (N2O)emission factor decreased 34.13% compared to current values. In order to reduce GHG emissions,manure management for scatter-fed pigs should control CH4 emissions and scale farming should focus on reducing N2O emissions. The most effective measure to reduce GHG emissions in mountain areas in western Hubei is to adjust manure management for scatter-fed pigs and in other regions is to optimize manure management for scale farming pigs. Appropriately selected pig manure management combined with regional natural conditions and breeding scales is an effective means to mitigate agricultural GHG emissions.

  • Orginal Article
    ZHU Zhen,HUANG Chenmin,XU Zhigang,SHEN Yueqin,BAI Jiangdi
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    Forest carbon sequestration (FCS)has became a new approach for reducing climate change and carbon emissions. After southern collective forest tenure reform,small-scale rural households became the main subject for FCS supply. The risk attitude of rural households can influence their willingness and decision-making about FCS supply due to new ecological compensation style and it is necessary and meaningful to analyze rural households' willingness for FCS supply in order to identify the main FCS supply subject with decentralization forestland and improving policy aiming for carbon forest management. Through rural households survey and risk preference experiments in five case counties in Zhejiang,China. Here,we measured the risk attitude of rural households and found 72,33 and 78 rural households could be divided into risk-preference,risk-neutral and risk-averse groups,respectively. With descriptive statistics of rural households' willingness for FCS supply and binary Logit modeling we determined how risk attitudes and other factors (e.g. individual heterogeneity,social capital and organization system)influence willingness for FCS supply. We found that FCS supply willingness of rural households with risk-averse attitudes have significantly higher willingness than the risk-preference group;larger forest land area and forest management subsidy have positive impacts on FCS supply willingness. According this,governments should pay more attention to building a carbon agency for reducing transaction costs of small-scale rural households who have risk-averse attitudes and it should encourage forestland transfer contracts and drive social capital and large-scale rural households with strong economic strength to engage in carbon forest management initiatives. Last,it is important to design carbon forest management subsidies for small-scale rural households to improve their carbon forest management activities.