中蒙俄经济走廊背景下中俄能源合作进展、驱动力、挑战及对策

doi:10.18402/resci.2018.02.02

Abstract

Abstract:

Sino-Russian energy cooperation is geo-strategic cooperation between China and Russia, and is an important part of the China-Russia comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination. Since 1996 when Sino-Russian energy cooperation started, it has undergone many setbacks, but also great progress. Cooperation fields have expanded from the oil and gas trade to whole industry chain cooperation including oil and gas exploration and development, technical services of upstream cooperation, oil and gas pipeline construction of midstream cooperation, refining and chemical cooperation of downstream cooperation, along with implementation of the China- Mongolia- Russia Economic Corridor, Sino- Russian energy cooperation embraces new opportunities. We summarized progress in Sino-Russian energy cooperation, analyzed internal and external driving forces of energy cooperation from the perspectives of supply and demand, energy policy, international division of labor, comparative advantages and international geo-environment change. We concluded that energy supply and demand and comparative advantages between China and Russia are highly complementary, energy strategies and regional development strategies are highly consistent, and geographic advantages are obvious. The internal consistency of Sino-Russian interests determine the necessity to launch Sino-Russian oil and gas cooperation, while external factors such as adjustment of the European union's energy strategy, shale gas revolution, the Ukraine event in 2014, increasing close energy cooperation between China and Central Asia, accelerated the process of Sino-Russian oil and gas cooperation. Though current Sino-Russian oil and gas cooperation is promising, there are still many challenges. With the increasingly complex international geo-environment, to promote Sino-Russian energy cooperation, Russia and China should strengthen mutual trust, improve Sino-Russian geo-strategic cooperation; fully take advantage of strategic opportunities arising from the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor, extend cooperation modes and fields; establish long-term Sino Russian energy cooperation strategic plans; improve Sino-Russian energy cooperation mechanisms; and together with surrounding countries establish a regional energy community.

Key words: Sino-Russion energy cooperation, progress, driving forces, challenges, strategies, China-Mongolia-Russia economic corridor

Yang YANG, Suocheng DONG, Zehong LI. Progress, driving forces and challenges of Sino-Russian energy cooperation under the China-Mongolia-Russia economic corridor[J].Resources Science, 2018, 40(2): 237-249.

Figures/Tables 8

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Table 1

Main Sino-Russian agreements or contracts of energy cooperation"

合作类别	时间	中方	俄方	协议或合同	主要内容
石油合作	1996年4月	中国政府	俄政府	关于共同开展能源领域合作的协定^[1,2]	双方将开展从俄罗斯东西伯利亚地区向中国供气、供油及经中国过境转运给第三国的输送天然气管道或输送原油管道的共同研究
	2005年1月	中石油	俄石油	《关于进口4840万吨俄罗斯原油的长期贸易合同》^[16]	俄罗斯2005—2010年向中国供油4 840万t,并从中国贷款60亿美元。
	2005年7月	中石油	俄石油	《长期合作协议》^[17]	确定了在油气领域实现优势互补、共同发展的原则
	2006年3月	中石油	俄石油	《俄罗斯境内开展石油资源勘探开发合作和在中国境内开展炼油加工和销售一体化合作的原则协议》^[17]	将在俄罗斯境内开展石油资源勘探开发合作,在中国境内开展炼油加工和销售一体化合作
	2009年4月	中国政府	俄政府	中俄石油领域合作政府间协议^[18]	授权中石油和俄罗斯国家石油管道运输公司共同建设中俄原油管道,并且签署了250亿美元贷款项下,俄罗斯从2011年开始每年通过管道向中国供应 1 500万t为期20年的长期原油管道贸易合同
	2013年6月	中石油	俄石油	《预付款条件下俄罗斯向中国增供原油的购销合同》^[19]	俄石油在中俄原油管道每年1 500万t的基础上逐年向中国增供原油,到2018年达到每年3 000万t,为期25年（可延长5年）,中哈原油管道自2014年开始每年增供原油700万t,为期5年^[4]
	2013年10月	中石化	俄石油	《预付款出口合同备忘录》^[20]	从2014 年起俄石油每年向中石化供应原油1 000万t,为期 10 年
天然气合作	2013年10月	中石油	诺瓦泰克公司	《亚马尔公司液化天然气(LNG)购销框架协议》^[21]	签署每年不低于300万t 的LNG进口协议,合同期为15年
	2014年5月	中石油	俄气	《中俄东线供气购销合同》^[22]	建设中俄东线天然气管道,预计在2018年建成投产,达产后年供气量将达到380亿m³,为期30年
	2014年11月	中石油	俄气	《关于沿西线管道从俄罗斯向中国供应天然气的框架协议》^[23]	中俄西线天然气管道的供气规模未来将达到每年300亿m³
	2015年12月	中石油	俄气	《中俄东线天然气管道项目跨境段设计和建设协议》与《中国石油和俄气石油合作谅解备忘录》^[24]	中俄将共同研究在俄罗斯和第三国开展上游领域,如勘探、开发、油气产品销售、工程技术服务和装备贸易等领域的合作

Table 1

Figure 6

Table 2

Projects of Sino Russian oil and gas whole industry chain cooperation"

合作领域	时间	中方	俄方	合作内容
上游合作	2003年12月	中石油	萨哈林石油	签订“萨哈林油田勘探开发框架协议”
	2005年7月	中石化	萨哈林石油	签订有关建立合资企业共同参与俄罗斯远东“萨哈林-3号”油气田开发的协议,获得萨哈林-3油气田25%的股份
	2006年6月	中石化	俄罗斯乌德穆尔特石油公司	乌德穆尔特项目,中方持股49%,俄方持股51%
	2006年10月	中石油	俄石油	合资成立东方能源公司,中方持股49%,俄方持股51%
	2014年1月	中石油	诺瓦泰克公司	亚马尔LNG项目,中石油持股20%,诺瓦泰克公司持股50.1%,道达尔持股20%
	2015年9月	中石化	俄石油	签订“共同开发鲁斯科耶油气田和尤鲁勃切诺—托霍姆油气田合作框架协议”
	2015年9月	丝路基金	诺瓦泰克公司	亚马尔LNG项目,丝路基金持股9.9%
	2016年11月	北京市燃气集团有限责任公司	俄石油	向中国公司出售上琼斯克石油天然气公司20%的股份
	2006年6月	中石油	秋明-英国石油公司	三维地震采集项目
	2010年5月	中石油	俄罗斯地球物理测井公司	MCI5570微电阻率扫描仪器销售及技术服务合同
	2014年7月	中海油	诺瓦泰克公司	参与亚马尔LNG项目264个核心工艺模块建造
中游合作	2009年4月	中石油	俄罗斯国家石油管道运输公司	建设中俄原油管道,于2011年1月1日全线正式运营
中游合作	2014年5月	中石油	俄气	中俄东线天然气管道,俄罗斯段于2014年9月开工建设,中国段于2015年6月开工建设
下游合作	2007年10月	中石油	俄石油	中俄东方石化（天津）有限公司,中方持股51%,俄方持股49%
	2013年8月	中石化	西布尔	合资成立俄罗斯克拉斯诺亚尔斯克市合成橡胶厂,中方认购25%股份+1股并参与管理
	2014年5月	中石化	西布尔	在上海合资成立年产量5万t的丁腈橡胶工厂,中石化持股74.9%,西布尔持股25.1%
	2015年12月	中石化	西布尔	中石化收购西布尔10%股权的交易完成交割

Table 2

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Progress, driving forces and challenges of Sino-Russian energy cooperation under the China-Mongolia-Russia economic corridor

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[12]	Zeyu WANG, Jing XU, Yanxi WANG. Factor decomposition and spatio-temporal difference analysis in marine resource consumption intensity in China [J]. Resources Science, 2019, 41(2): 301-312.
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