乡村旅游征地对失地农户福祉的影响——基于PSM模型的检验

doi:10.18402/resci.2021.01.14

Abstract

Abstract:

Land acquisition for rural tourism has implications for poverty alleviation and development, and shows the characteristics of small scale, weak enforcement, and having the dual benefits of business development and driving local economy. Whether this kind of land acquisition will improve the well-being of landless farmers has become a hot topic in academia and politics, which needs to be analyzed from a multidimensional perspective. Based on the data of 817 farming households from 22 pilot villages where pro-poor tourism were implemented, in nine counties of Ankang, Hanzhong, Shangluo, and Baoji Cities in Shaanxi Province, China, this study first estimated the well-being of landless farmers by entropy method, and then used the propensity score matching (PSM) model to measure the net effect of rural tourism land acquisition on the well-being of landless farmers, and finally put forward some policy recommendations. The results are as follows: First, on the whole the total well-being and multidimensional well-being of landless farming households have improved after the implementation of rural tourism land acquisition, which indicates that land acquisition for rural tourism played an active role in innovating resettlement compensation methods, promoting the livelihood transformation of landless farmers, and improving infrastructure and public services; Second, with regard to the age and education level of the head of household, elderly households and households with lower level of education were harder hit by the loss of land. It is very important for the government to carrying out job trainings and improve social security policies. Finally, from the perspective of land lost types, although the well-being of complete landless farmers is slightly higher in all dimensions than that of partial landless farmers, a variety of measures still need to be taken to reduce the impact of land acquisition on landless farmers, so as to achieve the goal of sustainable development. Overall, land acquisition for rural tourism does not hurt the well-being of landless farmers, but it still needs to take a variety of measures for different types of landless farmers to reduce the adverse effects of land acquisition in order to achieve the goal of sustainable development.

Key words: land acquisition for rural tourism, well-being, landless farmers, entropy method, propensity score matching (PSM) model, Shaanxi Province

HUANG Zhigang, LI Jie. Influence of land acquisition for rural tourism on the well-being of landless farmers based on the empirical analysis of PSM model[J].Resources Science, 2021, 43(1): 171-184.

Figures/Tables 8

Table 1

Indicator selection and variable definition"

变量	指标	指标描述
家庭特征
家庭户籍人口（REG）		农户家庭户口本上的人数
家庭劳动力数量（LAB）		家庭中18~65 周岁且能从事正常生产劳动的人数
户主年龄（AGE）		受访农户家庭户口本上户主年龄/岁
户主受教育水平（EDU）		1=文盲;2=小学;3=初中;4=高中或职业中学;5=大专、大学及以上
处理变量
是否参与旅游征地（LAND）		农户拥有的农地是否被征用来发展旅游业：1=是;0=否
农户福祉
收入与物质需求（IMN）	家庭总收入	被调查农户家庭2016年家庭总收入/万元
	家庭耐用消费品数量	问卷中列举11 项家庭耐用消费品（电视、冰箱、洗衣机、三轮车等）,加总每个农户家庭中所拥有的数量/个
	家庭收入满意度	1=非常不满意;2=不满意;3=一般;4=满意;5=非常满意
选择与行动的自由（FCC）	家庭非农劳动时间	2016年全年家庭全部劳动力在非农经营（农家乐、做生意等）以及外出打工劳动月数的总和/月
	家庭收入多样性	问卷中设置包括工资性收入、经营性收入、财产性收入、转移性收入的12个收入渠道,家庭实际有收入的渠道数量/个
	公共服务满意度	1=非常不满意;2=不满意;3=一般;4=满意;5=非常满意
和谐社会关系（HSR）	在政府工作的亲戚数量	家庭来往亲戚中村干部及国家公务员的数量/人
	能借钱的亲戚朋友户数	当家庭中急需大笔开支时（如婚嫁、生病及经营）可以求助的户数
	家庭人情消费支出占比	家庭中用于人情、礼金的消费占全年家庭总消费的比例/%
健康（HEA）	医疗支出占比a	家庭中医药费用支出占全年家庭总消费的比例/%
	恩格尔系数a	家庭中食物消费支出占全年家庭总消费的比例/%
安全（SEC）	公共治安满意度	1=非常不满意;2=不满意;3=一般;4=满意;5=非常满意
	居住环境满意度	1=非常不满意;2=不满意;3=一般;4=满意;5=非常满意

Table 1

Table 2

Figure 1

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

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一级指标	二级指标	均值	标准差	权重
收入与物质需求（IMN）				0.2642
	家庭总收入	37501.3351	60111.7031	0.6187
	家庭耐用消费品数量	4.4002	2.6353	0.1594
	家庭收入满意度	3.0233	1.0263	0.1589
选择与行动的自由（FCC）				0.2795
	家庭非农劳动时间	0.4683	0.3708	0.6696
	家庭收入多样性	2.7772	1.4183	0.2070
	公共服务满意度	3.5728	0.9269	0.1234
和谐社会关系（HSR）				0.0514
	在政府工作亲戚的数量	1.0575	1.7026	0.5568
	能借钱的亲戚朋友户数	4.6059	3.9747	0.2058
	家庭人情消费支出占比	0.1889	0.1798	0.2374
健康（HEA）				0.3789
	医疗支出占比a	0.1393	0.1872	0.7757
	恩格尔系数a	0.3958	0.2471	0.2243
安全（SEC）				0.0440
	公共治安满意度	4.0343	0.7726	0.4151
	居住环境满意度	3.8446	0.8449	0.5849

匹配方法样本类型	近邻匹配、核匹配、样条匹配			卡尺匹配、卡尺近邻匹配
匹配方法样本类型	未匹配样本	匹配样本	总计	未匹配样本	匹配样本	总计
对照组	2	618	620	5	615	620
处理组	0	197	197	2	195	197
总计	2	815	817	7	810	817

匹配方法	Pseudo R²	LR统计量	标准化偏差/%
匹配前	0.010	8.61	14.4
K近邻匹配	0.004	2.11	1.9
卡尺匹配	0.003	1.80	1.0
卡尺内K近邻匹配	0.004	2.29	2.0
核匹配	0.003	1.52	2.1
样条匹配	0.003	1.77	0.8

匹配方法		近邻匹配	卡尺匹配	卡尺近邻匹配	核匹配	样条匹配	平均值
总福祉（WEL）	ATT	0.0447***	0.0610***	0.0449***	0.0464***	0.0462***	0.0486
	S.E	0.0097	0.0117	0.0098	0.0088	0.0090
	T-stat	4.62	5.20	4.60	5.25	5.09
收入与物质需求（IMN）	ATT	0.0309***	0.0253**	0.0326***	0.0329***	0.0322***	0.0308
	S.E	0.0081	0.0101	0.0081	0.0074	0.0075
	T-stat	3.83	2.50	4.02	4.43	4.27
选择与行动的自由（FCC）	ATT	0.1133***	0.1556***	0.1112***	0.1247***	0.1253***	0.1260
	S.E	0.0220	0.0271	0.0222	0.0196	0.0199
	T-stat	5.14	5.74	5.01	6.38	6.29
和谐社会关系（HSR）	ATT	2E-5	4E-5	2E-5	2E-5	2E-5	2E-5
	S.E	2E-5	2E-5	2E-5	2E-5	2E-5
	T-stat	0.76	1.52	1.18	0.92	0.84
健康（HEA）	ATT	-0.0021	0.0051	-0.0020	-0.0072	-0.0073	-0.0027
	S.E	0.0129	0.0151	0.0130	0.0119	0.0114
	T-stat	-0.16	0.34	-0.15	-0.60	-0.64
安全（SEC）	ATT	0.0096	0.0277	0.0121	0.0118	0.0115	0.0145
	S.E	0.0149	0.0188	0.0150	0.0133	0.0135
	T-stat	0.64	1.47	0.81	0.89	0.85

		小学及以下	初中	高中及以上	35岁以下	36~45岁	46~55岁	55岁以上
总福祉（WEL）	ATT	0.0528***	0.0516***	0.0399	0.0161	0.0585***	0.0476***	0.0461**
总福祉（WEL）	S.E	0.0165	0.0144	0.0264	0.0536	0.0216	0.0145	0.0183
收入与物质需求（IMN）	ATT	0.0440***	0.0272**	0.0415	0.0266	0.0430**	0.0104	0.0337***
收入与物质需求（IMN）	S.E	0.0096	0.0125	0.0264	0.0428	0.0214	0.0129	0.0127
选择与行动的自由（FCC）	ATT	0.1115***	0.1449***	0.0771	0.0013	0.1760***	0.1406***	0.0963**
选择与行动的自由（FCC）	S.E	0.0379	0.0324	0.0593	0.1161	0.0451	0.0349	0.0404
和谐社会关系（HSR）	ATT	6E-5*	9E-5	2E-5	-3E-5	-6E-5	4E-5	5E-5
和谐社会关系（HSR）	S.E	4E-5	3E-5	6E-5	9E-5	4E-5	3E-5	4E-5
健康（HEA）	ATT	-0.0007	-0.0039	0.0035	0.0193	-0.0191	0.0027	0.0035
健康（HEA）	S.E	0.0234	0.0193	0.0298	0.0685	0.0278	0.0184	0.0275
安全（SEC）	ATT	0.0478*	0.0043	0.0058	-0.0439	0.0014	0.0016	0.0395
安全（SEC）	S.E	0.0251	0.0223	0.0414	0.0840	0.0318	0.0242	0.0265

Influence of land acquisition for rural tourism on the well-being of landless farmers based on the empirical analysis of PSM model

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匹配方法			近邻匹配	卡尺匹配	卡尺近邻匹配	核匹配	样条匹配	平均值
总福祉（WEL）	完全失地	ATT	0.0777***	0.0909***	0.0821***	0.0636***	0.0635***	0.0756
	完全失地	S.E	0.0137	0.0162	0.0137	0.0126	0.0126
	部分失地	ATT	0.0344***	0.0167	0.0335***	0.0310***	0.0291***	0.0289
	部分失地	S.E	0.0119	0.0147	0.0119	0.0110	0.0112
收入与物质需求（IMN）	完全失地	ATT	0.0429***	0.0416***	0.0438***	0.0467***	0.0463***	0.0443
	完全失地	S.E	0.0126	0.0157	0.0129	0.0115	0.0114
	部分失地	ATT	0.0204**	0.0179	0.0200**	0.0229***	0.0217**	0.0206
	部分失地	S.E	0.0097	0.0128	0.0097	0.0087	0.0089
选择与行动的自由（FCC）	完全失地	ATT	0.1864***	0.1818***	0.1907***	0.1611***	0.1609***	0.1762
	完全失地	S.E	0.0306	0.0380	0.0305	0.0269	0.0279
	部分失地	ATT	0.1132***	0.0866**	0.1089***	0.0991***	0.0962***	0.1008
	部分失地	S.E	0.0270	0.0339	0.0271	0.0246	0.0243
和谐社会关系（HSR）	完全失地	ATT	0.0001**	0.0001***	0.0001**	0.0001***	0.0001**	0.0001
	完全失地	S.E	3E-5	3E-5	3E-5	2E-5	4E-5
	部分失地	ATT	-2E-5	-1E-5	-2E-5	-1E-5	-2E-5	-2E-5
	部分失地	S.E	3E-5	3E-5	3E-5	2E-5	2E-5
健康（HEA）	完全失地	ATT	0.0051	0.0296	0.0111	-0.0103	-0.0101	0.0051
	完全失地	S.E	0.0202	0.0239	0.0204	0.0184	0.0173
	部分失地	ATT	-0.0104	-0.0288	-0.0095	-0.0110	-0.0115	-0.0142
	部分失地	S.E	0.0151	0.0193	0.0152	0.0140	0.0150
安全（SEC）	完全失地	ATT	0.0457**	0.0744***	0.0433**	0.0463***	0.0464**	0.0512
	完全失地	S.E	0.0187	0.0248	0.0191	0.0161	0.0180
	部分失地	ATT	-0.0169	-0.0128	-0.0166	-0.0148	-0.0175	-0.0157
	部分失地	S.E	0.0193	0.0242	0.0195	0.0177	0.0177

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