Resources Science ›› 2020, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (12): 2354-2369.doi: 10.18402/resci.2020.12.08
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SUN Qianlu1(), FANG Kexin2, LIU Tianping2(
)
Received:
2019-11-25
Revised:
2020-02-27
Online:
2020-12-25
Published:
2021-02-25
Contact:
LIU Tianping
E-mail:tbsql@qq.com;sxpldm@163.com
SUN Qianlu, FANG Kexin, LIU Tianping. Impact of social norms and public supervision on the willingness and behavior of farming households to participate in rural living environment improvement: Empirical analysis based on generalized continuous ratio model[J].Resources Science, 2020, 42(12): 2354-2369.
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Table 1
Sample basic characteristics"
类型 | 选项 | 样本数/人 | 占比/% | 类型 | 选项 | 样本数/人 | 占比/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
性别 | 男 | 347 | 49.08 | 年龄/岁 | ≤30 | 139 | 19.66 |
女 | 360 | 50.92 | 31~40 | 204 | 28.85 | ||
文化程度 | 文盲 | 217 | 30.69 | 41~50 | 186 | 26.31 | |
小学 | 349 | 49.36 | 51~60 | 124 | 17.54 | ||
初中 | 112 | 15.84 | >60 | 54 | 7.64 | ||
高中 | 15 | 2.12 | 务工县域 | 日喀则市白朗县 | 67 | 9.48 | |
高中以上 | 14 | 1.98 | 拉萨市当雄县 | 93 | 13.15 | ||
家庭收入/ 万元 | ≤1 | 89 | 12.59 | 日喀则市江孜县 | 191 | 27.02 | |
(1,3] | 214 | 30.27 | 日喀则市南木林县 | 77 | 10.89 | ||
(3,5] | 176 | 24.89 | 日喀则市仁布县 | 47 | 6.65 | ||
(5,8] | 184 | 26.03 | 日喀则市萨迦县 | 45 | 6.36 | ||
>8 | 44 | 6.22 | 日喀则市桑珠孜区 | 49 | 6.93 | ||
务工经历 | 无 | 31 | 4.38 | 那曲市索县 | 60 | 8.49 | |
有 | 676 | 95.62 | 日喀则市亚东县 | 77 | 10.89 |
Table 2
Variable value assignment and descriptive statistics"
变量类别与名称 | 定义与代码 | 变量赋值 | 最小值 | 最大值 | 均值 | 标准差 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
被解释变量 | ||||||
参与意愿 | 您无偿参与村庄人居环境整治活动的意愿 | 非常不愿意=1,比较不愿意=2,一般=3,比较愿意=4,非常愿意=5 | 1 | 5 | 3.33 | 0.80 |
参与行为 | 您实际参与村庄人居环境改善活动频次 | 没有间参与=1,偶尔参与=2,经常参与=3 | 1 | 3 | 2.05 | 0.43 |
意愿与行为一致性 | 依据农户参与意愿与参与行为进行筛选 | 有意愿无行为=0,有意愿有行为=1 | 0 | 1 | 0.23 | 0.42 |
核心解释变量 | ||||||
社会规范 | ||||||
描述性社会规范 | 邻居参与农村环境整治的积极性很高(NN) | 非常不同意=1,比较不同意=2,一般=3,比较同意=4,非常同意=5 | 1 | 5 | 3.16 | 0.79 |
邻居已经为农村环境整治花费了一些资金 (NF) | 3.17 | 0.87 | ||||
命令性社会规范 | 邻居认为我应当积极参与人居环境整治 (NW) | 3.53 | 0.79 | |||
村规民约要求我积极参与农村人居环境整 治活动(VR) | 3.58 | 0.77 | ||||
邻居认为我应当为农村人居环境整治支付 一些费用(NC) | 3.49 | 0.83 | ||||
社会监督 | ||||||
村民监督 | 村民是否对村庄街道垃圾清理进行监督(VS) | 否=0,是=1 | 0 | 1 | 0.13 | 0.34 |
村干部监督 | 村干部是否对村庄街道垃圾清理进行监督 (CS) | 0.07 | 0.26 | |||
保洁员监督 | 保洁员是否进行监督(LS) | 0.24 | 0.43 | |||
中介变量 | ||||||
个人认知规范 | 村庄环境改善能够减少疾病传播(RD) | 非常不同意=1,比较不同意=2,一般=3,比较同意=4,非常同意=5 | 1 | 5 | 3.81 | 0.95 |
村庄环境改善能够促进身心健康发展(PH) | 4.02 | 0.82 | ||||
村庄环境改善能够提高村民的卫生意识(HA) | 4.08 | 0.85 | ||||
控制变量 | ||||||
性别 | 被调查者的性别(GE) | 女=0,男=1 | 0 | 1 | 0.51 | 0.50 |
年龄 | 被调查者的年龄(AG) | 被调查者的实际年龄/岁 | 19 | 72 | 42.35 | 11.94 |
文化程度 | 被调查者的文化程度(EL) | 文盲=0,小学=1,初中=2,高中=3,高中以上=4 | 0 | 4 | 0.95 | 0.85 |
务工收入 | 外出务工收入比例(PM) | 务工收入占家庭总收入的比例/% | 0 | 100 | 61.99 | 24.88 |
资金支持 | 政府为村庄环境改善提供资金(GF) | 没有=0,提供了一些=1,提供了很多=2 | 0 | 2 | 1.07 | 0.42 |
政府宣传 | 政府为村庄环境改善进行宣传(GP) | 没有=0,偶尔宣传=1,经常宣传=2 | 0 | 2 | 1.13 | 0.39 |
提供设施 | 政府为村庄环境改善提供垃圾处理设施(GD) | 没有=0,提供了一些=1,提供了很多=2 | 0 | 2 | 1.07 | 3.53 |
奖惩措施 | 政府为村庄环境改善制定奖惩制度(GS) | 没有=0,有奖惩制度=1 | 0 | 2 | 0.61 | 0.49 |
环境认知 | 您认为您村的村庄人居环境(VI) | 非常差=1,比较差=2,一般=3,比较好=4,非常好=5 | 1 | 5 | 3.50 | 0.79 |
Table 3
Statistics of the consistency of willingness and behavior of farming households to participate in the improvement of living environment"
变量 | 选项 | 有意愿 | 有意愿无行为(不一致) | 有意愿有行为(一致) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
样本数/个 | 占比/% | 样本数/个 | 占比/% | 样本数/个 | 占比/% | ||
年龄/岁 | ≤30 | 69 | 18.85 | 53 | 18.79 | 16 | 19.05 |
31~40 | 109 | 29.78 | 87 | 30.85 | 22 | 26.19 | |
41~50 | 96 | 26.23 | 68 | 24.11 | 28 | 33.33 | |
51~60 | 64 | 17.49 | 52 | 18.44 | 12 | 14.29 | |
>60 | 28 | 7.65 | 22 | 7.80 | 6 | 7.14 | |
文化程度 | 文盲 | 123 | 33.61 | 102 | 36.17 | 21 | 25.00 |
小学 | 173 | 47.27 | 133 | 47.16 | 40 | 47.62 | |
初中 | 55 | 15.03 | 41 | 14.54 | 14 | 16.67 | |
高中 | 8 | 2.19 | 2 | 0.71 | 6 | 7.14 | |
高中以上 | 7 | 1.91 | 4 | 1.42 | 3 | 3.57 | |
家庭收入/万元 | ≤1 | 41 | 11.20 | 22 | 7.80 | 19 | 22.62 |
(1,3] | 109 | 29.78 | 87 | 30.85 | 22 | 26.19 | |
(3,5] | 99 | 27.05 | 77 | 27.30 | 22 | 26.19 | |
(5,8] | 89 | 24.32 | 74 | 26.24 | 15 | 17.86 | |
>8 | 28 | 7.65 | 22 | 7.80 | 6 | 7.14 | |
务工经历 | 有 | 346 | 94.54 | 268 | 95.04 | 78 | 92.86 |
无 | 20 | 5.46 | 14 | 4.96 | 6 | 7.14 | |
样本数 | 366 | 282 | 84 |
Table 4
Correlation analysis results"
自变量 | 皮尔逊相关系数 | 自变量 | 皮尔逊相关系数 |
---|---|---|---|
NN | -0.0266 | HA | -0.1803*** |
NF | -0.1391*** | GE | 0.0612 |
NW | -0.1098** | AG | 0.0014 |
VR | 0.0036 | EL | 0.1596*** |
NC | -0.0400 | PM | -0.0435 |
VS | 0.2112*** | GF | -0.0414 |
CS | 0.1362*** | GP | 0.1593*** |
LS | -0.0204 | GD | -0.1092** |
RD | -0.1383*** | GS | 0.0701 |
PH | -0.2592*** | VI | 0.0394 |
Table 5
Estimation results of econometric models"
变量 | 参与意愿(模型1) (非常不愿意→非常愿意) | 参与行为(模型2) (没有参与→经常参与) | 意愿转化为行为(模型3) (意愿→行为) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
系数 | 标准误 | Z值 | 系数 | 标准误 | Z值 | 系数 | 标准误 | Z值 | |
保持、部分放松和放松平行线假设的变量 | |||||||||
NN | 0.4295*** | 0.1159 | 3.71 | 0.6741*** | 0.1557 | 4.33 | 0.1580 | 0.2375 | 0.67 |
NF | 0.6345*** | 0.1165 | 5.45 | -0.0076 | 0.1524 | -0.05 | -0.5013** | 0.2204 | -2.27 |
NW | 0.1025 | 0.1224 | 0.84 | 0.0509 | 0.1648 | 0.31 | -0.1061 | 0.2408 | -0.44 |
VR | 0.3928*** | 0.1138 | 3.45 | 0.2176 | 0.1542 | 1.41 | 0.5483** | 0.2538 | 2.16 |
NC | 0.1638 | 0.1099 | 1.49 | 0.0244 | 0.1504 | 0.16 | -0.0243 | 0.2230 | -0.11 |
VS | -0.8669*** | 0.2705 | -3.21 | 0.9738*** | 0.3735 | 2.61 | 1.8028*** | 0.5332 | 3.38 |
CS | -0.0015 | 0.3420 | 0.00 | -0.0895 | 0.4678 | -0.19 | -0.4069 | 0.6486 | -0.63 |
LS | 0.8391*** | 0.2049 | 4.10 | 0.5084* | 0.2734 | 1.86 | -0.3344 | 0.3975 | -0.84 |
RD | 0.2311** | 0.1028 | 2.25 | 0.4692*** | 0.1412 | 3.32 | 0.2969 | 0.2130 | 1.39 |
PH | 0.1299 | 0.1599 | 0.81 | -0.7612*** | 0.1642 | -4.64 | -0.7177*** | 0.2437 | -2.95 |
HA | 0.0743 | 0.3474 | 0.21 | 0.0347 | 0.0670 | 0.52 | -0.4600** | 0.2165 | -2.12 |
随切点方程变化变量 | |||||||||
GE | 0.2217 | 0.3116 | 0.71 | -0.0948 | 0.1132 | -0.84 | 0.3240 | 0.3000 | 1.08 |
AG | -0.0001 | 0.0141 | 0.00 | -0.0097 | 0.0070 | -1.39 | 0.0214 | 0.0145 | 1.47 |
EL | 0.1310 | 0.1733 | 0.76 | -0.2197* | 0.1200 | -1.83 | 0.4449** | 0.1980 | 2.25 |
PM | -0.0130 | 0.0096 | -1.36 | 0.0030 | 0.0025 | 1.20 | -0.0068 | 0.0060 | -1.13 |
GF | -1.7010 | 1.3426 | -1.27 | 0.1953 | 0.1568 | 1.25 | -0.3968 | 0.3707 | -1.07 |
GP | 1.1101* | 0.6306 | 1.76 | -0.6256** | 0.2662 | -2.35 | 1.6031*** | 0.3635 | 4.41 |
GD | -0.3011 | 0.4166 | -0.72 | 0.4379 | 0.2294 | 1.91 | -1.0274** | 0.4375 | -2.35 |
GS | -0.0960 | 0.3765 | -0.26 | -0.1722 | 0.1615 | -1.07 | 0.3280 | 0.3185 | 1.03 |
VI | 0.5389* | 0.3266 | 1.65 | -0.1851 | 0.1142 | -1.62 | 0.2032 | 0.2271 | 0.90 |
tau1 | 2.7532 | 2.5182 | 1.09 | -1.9330 | 1.1955 | -1.62 | — | — | — |
tau2 | 5.2277** | 2.2008 | 2.38 | 7.1920*** | 1.2424 | 5.79 | — | — | — |
tau3 | 7.3998*** | 0.7691 | 9.62 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
tau4 | 11.0886*** | 1.3946 | 7.95 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
phi2 | 0.9171* | 0.5336 | 1.72 | -2.3579** | 1.1418 | -2.07 | — | — | — |
phi3 | 0.2416 | 0.4325 | 0.56 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
phi4 | 0.4387 | 0.5758 | 0.76 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
模型整体检验统计量 | 观测数:707 Wald chi2(20)=192.48 Prob> chi2=0.0000 Log likelihood=-682.0216 | 观测数:707 Wald chi2(20)=70.44 Prob> chi2=0.0000 Log likelihood=-367.5312 | 观测数:366 Degrees of freedom=20 Entropy for probs.=156.1 Normalized entropy=0.6153 Ent. ratio stat.=195.2 P value for LR=0.0000 Pseudo R2=0.3847 Criterion F (log L)=-958.9450 |
Table 6
Results of robustness test"
变量 | logit模型 | 增加变量1 | 增加变量2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
参与意愿 (模型4) | 参与行为 (模型5) | 意愿转化行为 (模型6) | 参与意愿 (模型7) | 参与行为 (模型8) | 意愿转化行为(模型9) | 参与意愿 (模型10) | 参与行为 (模型11) | 意愿转化行为 (模型12) | |
NN | 0.4834*** (0.1246) | 0.6376*** (0.1601) | 0.1659 (0.2424) | 0.4173*** (0.1149) | 0.6696*** (0.1559) | 0.1653 (0.2381) | 0.4310*** (0.1178) | 0.5757*** (0.1619) | 0.1020 (0.2420) |
NF | 0.7527*** (0.1235) | 0.0395 (0.1557) | -0.5155** (0.2243) | 0.5929*** (0.1145) | -0.0142 (0.1528) | -0.4928** (0.2206) | 0.5992*** (0.1153) | -0.0366 (0.1533) | -0.5178** (0.2230) |
NW | 0.1033 (0.1313) | 0.0555 (0.1688) | -0.1074 (0.2450) | 0.1276 (0.1222) | 0.0545 (0.1648) | -0.0987 (0.2410) | 0.1250 (0.1222) | 0.0641 (0.1648) | -0.0834 (0.2428) |
VR | 0.4129*** (0.1235) | 0.2246 (0.1568) | 0.5683** (0.2589) | 0.3876*** (0.1119) | 0.2088 (0.1547) | 0.5555** (0.2545) | 0.3916*** (0.1122) | 0.1737 (0.1552) | 0.5388** (0.2568) |
NC | 0.1096 (0.1186) | 0.0552 (0.1524) | -0.0282 (0.2269) | 0.1550 (0.1061) | 0.0175 (0.1506) | -0.0263 (0.2233) | 0.1549 (0.1061) | 0.0135 (0.1508) | -0.0079 (0.2238) |
VS | -0.8803*** (0.2791) | 0.8674*** (0.3661) | 1.8545*** (0.5422) | -0.9794*** (0.2588) | 0.9523** (0.3750) | 1.8213*** (0.5341) | -0.9557*** (0.2632) | 0.8433** (0.3776) | 1.7102*** (0.5383) |
CS | 0.0500 (0.3537) | 0.0618 (0.4702) | -0.4183 (0.6577) | 0.1335 (0.3367) | -0.0606 (0.4705) | -0.4456 (0.6532) | 0.1168 (0.3391) | 0.0517 (0.4725) | -0.2793 (0.6663) |
LS | 0.9370*** (0.2159) | 0.4425 (0.2716) | -0.3469 (0.4046) | 0.8211*** (0.1960) | 0.5148* (0.2734) | -0.3363 (0.3977) | 0.8047*** (0.1986) | 0.5656** (0.2739) | -0.2986 (0.4034) |
RD | 0.2567** (0.1146) | 0.5140*** (0.1456) | 0.3059 (0.2168) | 0.1988* (0.1027) | 0.4565*** (0.1424) | 0.3184 (0.2186) | 0.2038** (0.1031) | 0.4207*** (0.1438) | 0.3020 (0.2174) |
PH | -0.0576 (0.1441) | -0.6581*** (0.1794) | -0.7364*** (0.2478) | 0.1076 (0.1244) | -0.7813*** (0.1669) | -0.7196*** (0.2443) | 0.1078 (0.1248) | -0.7757*** (0.1680) | -0.7282*** (0.2462) |
AW | — | — | — | 0.3609*** (0.1123) | 0.1113 (0.1572) | -0.1129 (0.2420) | 0.3785*** (0.1171) | 0.0250 (0.1626) | -0.2250 (0.2555) |
WN | — | — | — | — | — | — | -0.0563 (0.1051) | 0.3155** (0.1474) | 0.3244 (0.2208) |
中介变量 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 |
其他变量 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 |
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