中国自然资源要素综合观测网络构建与关键技术

doi:10.18402/resci.2020.10.03

Abstract

Abstract:

Under the new situation of socioeconomic development in China, natural resource management is being transformed from managed by individual resources and single government departments into a centralized management of “two unifications” guided by the principle of “land, water, forest, agricultural field, lake, and grassland life community” of the earth system science. In this process, not only the impact on and planning of the ecological environment of the territorial space, but also the future state of resources must be considered to ensure the safety of major decisions in the country. Therefore, the construction of a national comprehensive observation system of natural resources is very important for the orderly development of the country’s ecological civilization. The construction of a nation-wide natural resources observation system is meaningful to a nation’s ecological progress. This research examined the traits and shortcomings of the Chinese and international observation networks. Based on the analysis, necessity, basic ideas, and principles of the system were developed. The framework of the observation network includes five parts: factors, technologies, quality control, services, and operation and maintenance. Four types of technologies are used, which include natural resources zoning and observation station layout technique, coupling mechanism of natural resource elements and indicator selection technique, multi-source data integration and data processing technique, and simulation technique and comprehensive evaluation of natural resources. The observation network will provide long-term, stable, and constant comprehensive observations of natural resources, in order to explore the coupling relationships of the factors of natural resources, driving factors and mechanisms of change, and trends. The network serves to protect and manage the environment of the country, provide data support for solving the global climate issues, and finally to contribute to the nation’s centralized management of natural resources and resource-related strategic decisions.

Key words: comprehensive observation system, unified management, natural resources, general framework, key technologies, security, basic data

LIU Xiaohuang, LIU Xiaojie, CHENG Shubo, GAO Xuemin, YUN Wenju, FU Yujia. Construction of a national natural resources comprehensive observation system and key technologies[J].Resources Science, 2020, 42(10): 1849-1859.

Figures/Tables 5

Table 1

Table 2

Typical field observation networks in China"

观测网名称	建设单位	观测点（站）数量/个	主要观测内容	定位
气象监测站网	国家气候信息中心	41636	气象	业务网
水文监测站网（地下水）	中国地质调查局	10168	水文	业务网
水文监测站网（地表水）	环境监测院	由水文站6700余、水位站12000余、雨量站51000余、报汛站51000余组成	水文	业务网
水土保持监测网	水利部门	175	不同水土流失类型区	业务网
国家土壤肥力和肥料效益监测网	农业部门	9	不同温带的农业区土壤肥力	业务网
国家土壤环境监测网	生态环境部门和农业部门	由生态环境部38880个、农业农村部40061个和自然资源部1000个监测点位组成	不同类型土壤	业务网
中国数字地震台网	地震局	152	不同地震带和区域的地震监测	业务网
中国生态系统研究网络（简称生态网）	中国科学院	54	生态类型	科研网
中国荒漠-草地生态系统观测研究野外站联盟	中国科学院、林业部门、教育和农业部门	30	荒漠化、石漠化生态系统和水土流失治理	科研网
黑河流域地表过程综合观测网	北京师范大学和中国科学院	11	黑河流域地表过程	科研网
高寒区地表过程与环境观测研究网络（简称高寒网）	中国科学院	17	高寒区地表过程与环境变化	科研网
日地空间环境观测研究网络	中国科学院	9	地球空间环境中涉及的磁层、电离层、中高层大气以及地球磁场与重力场	科研网
地球物理观测台网	中国科学院	由专业地球物理站500余、地方站约500个组成	重力、地磁、测震、大地电场	科研网
全国材料环境腐蚀试验网站	中国科学院	46	大气、海水、土壤腐蚀试验	科研网
区域大气本底观测研究网络	中国科学院	10	大气本底	科研网
中国陆地生态系统通量观测研究网络	中国科学院	79	陆地生态系统与大气间CO₂、水汽、能量通量的日、季节、年际变化观测研究	科研网
中国物候观测网络	中国科学院	39	植被类型区植物、动物和气象水文等物候现象	科研网
中国森林生态系统定位研究网络	林业部门	192	森林、草原生态系统观测研究	科研网

Table 2

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

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观测尺度	国家或组织	开始年份	站网名称	观测（监测）内容
区域尺度	英国	1843	洛桑试验站	土壤肥力、肥料效益
区域尺度	美国	1933	Andrews生态试验站、Hubbard Brook 试验站、Coweeta水文实验室	生态系统
	美国	2000	美国国家生态观测站网络(NEON)	生态环境
国家尺度	德国	1980	森林资源调查和监测	森林资源
	英国	1990	环境变化研究监测网络(ECN)	生态环境
全球尺度	联合国粮农组织	1996	全球陆地观测系统(GTOS)	生态、冰川、水文和永冻土
	世界气象组织、日本、美国等	1992	全球气候观测系统(GCOS)	气候、水文循环、冰川、陆地永冻带
	政府间海洋学委员会、世界气象组织、国际科学联合会理事会和联合国环境规划署	1996	全球海洋观测系统(GOOS)	海洋环境现状与未来状态
	美国国家科学基金	1993	国际长期生态观测研究网络(ILTER)	生态现象

Construction of a national natural resources comprehensive observation system and key technologies

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