农户视角下的重要农业文化遗产价值与保护主体

doi:10.18402/resci.2020.05.06

Abstract

Abstract:

In heritage protection research, much attention has been paid to community value perception and decision making. Agricultural heritage systems are living heritages and a special kind of protected area managed and conserved by local farmers as the main actor. Farmers’ cognition of the value of heritage can impact their initiative of conservation and the sustainability of the systems. Their value judgment of the heritage also matters to their cultural self-consciousness and reflects conservation effects. This research proposed a contingent valuation method (CVM) based approach to reflect farmers’ value judgement revealed by rural households’ willingness to pay (WTP) for conservation and its influencing factors. This method was tested with the Globally Important Agricultural System (GIAHS) of Xinghua Duotian Agrosystem. The case study showed that (1) the positive willingness to pay was merely 43.2%, and household economic conditions and the perception of heritages had significant effects on rural households’ positive/negative willingness to pay and the choice of payment, respectively; (2) 61.6% of the non-payment respondents regarded heritage conservation a government responsibility; (3) rural households’ perception of heritages scored low with a limited cultural self-consciousness and lack of benefit from conservation. These results revealed that the farmers’ cognition of the heritage value and participation in conservation were still limited although much had been achieved during the protection and development in the heritage site. Therefore, it is necessary to rethink the role of conservation main actors and the way to conserve, so that rural households can have a better understanding of various values of the GIAHS and actively participate in conserving the dynamic and living heritages. This proposed approach was found feasible in studying community value perception and conservation effect. Considering similar rural development issues in protected areas and national park pilots, this research may provide a useful view and method to study community co-management in protected areas.

Key words: Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), willingness to pay, value perception, main actor of conservation, community, contingent valuation method, Xinghua Duotian Agrosystem

HE Siyuan, LI Heyao, MIN Qingwen. Value and conservation actors of Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS) from the perspective of rural households[J].Resources Science, 2020, 42(5): 870-880.

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References 47

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偏差影响因素	偏差描述	偏差处理
投标起点偏差	CVM研究中建议的投标起点和间距使受访者产生对WTP范围的误解	预调查确定基本支付范围,采用支付卡格式,增加“其他金额”选项
抗议反应偏差	受访者倾向于反对假想市场和支付工具而引起的偏差	支付方式置于是否同意支付问题之前,增加抗议支付原因调查
假象偏差	受访者对假想市场问题与面对真实市场时反应不同而导致与真实结果的偏差	强调受访者考量家庭经济约束
策略性偏差	受访者试图影响调查结果或实际决策而故意隐瞒真实支付意愿	强调匿名调查和调查学术用途,剔除异常支付意愿值
信息偏差	对评估对象不够了解导致受访者难以表达支付意愿	充分描述评估对象的真实情况,先行设计让受访者进入评估语境的其他问题
调查者偏差	不同调查员和调查语言对评估结果产生的影响	统一培训农业局人员来组织调查

变量	分类	占比/%	支付比/%	支付意愿期望值/元	变量特征描述
性别	男	88.2	45.5	83.4	男性偏高,女性偏低
性别	女	11.8	32.0	32.0	男性偏高,女性偏低
年龄	< 30	1.7	50.0	125.0	30~39岁最高,50~59岁最低,总体呈下降
	30~39	3.8	55.6	177.8
	40~49	25.4	51.7	93.3
	50~59	45.3	41.1	54.2
	≥ 60	23.7	39.3	75.0
教育程度	小学及以下	19.2	29.3	31.7	高中层次最高,小学最低（大学以上仅有一户）,总体呈现上升
	初中	59.8	42.2	71.1
	高中	20.6	47.7	93.2
	大学及以上	0.5	0.0	0.0
家庭年收入/万元	≤ 3	2.5	33.3	5.0	家庭年收入10万~20万最高,小于3万最低,总体呈现上升
	(3,5]	7.5	22.2	44.4
	(5,10]	36.4	39.1	86.2
	(10,20]	48.1	54.8	88.7
	>20	5.4	38.5	69.2
家庭人口数	≤ 3	28.4	50.7	90.4	3人及以下家庭最高,总体呈现下降
	(3,5]	51.8	42.9	78.9
	(5,7]	19.1	34.7	65.3
	> 7	0.8	0.0	0.0
劳动力比例/%	≤ 30	2.3	33.3	50.0	劳动力比例50%~80%的最高,小于30%最低
	(30,50]	14.4	43.2	86.5
	(50,80]	72.4	44.9	88.1
	> 80	10.9	39.3	57.1
外出务工比例/%	≤ 30	24.5	38.1	66.7	务工比例50%~80%的最高,小于30%最低
	(30,50]	59.1	44.1	76.3
	(50,80]	10.9	50.0	139.3
	> 80	5.4	42.9	42.8
遗产了解情况	了解	27.2	40.0	77.1	有所了解的最高,不了解的最低,总体呈现下降
	一般	41.2	50.9	93.4
	不了解	31.5	35.8	61.7
遗产地品牌影响	有影响	25.3	41.5	132.3	不清楚的最低,有影响的最高
	不清楚	25.3	41.5	55.4
	没影响	49.4	44.9	63.8
保护价值判断	值得保护	70.4	45.9	91.2	认为不值得保护的最低,值得保护的最高
	无所谓	26.1	37.3	52.2
	不值得保护	3.5	33.3	33.3

支付意愿/(元/年·户)	有效样本量	频率/%	累积频率/%
0	146	56.8	56.8
100	75	29.2	86.0
200	13	5.1	91.1
300	9	3.5	94.6
400	5	1.9	96.5
500	7	2.7	99.2
800	0	0.0	99.2
1000	2	0.8	100.0
合计	257	100.0

自变量	变量及赋值
性别	男=1;女=2
年龄	[18,30)=1;[30,39]=2;[40,49]=3;[50,59]=4;60及以上=5
教育程度	小学及以下=1;初中=2;高中=3;大学及以上=4
家庭年收入/万元	3及以下=1;(3,5]=2;(5,10]=3;(10,20]=4;20以上=5
家庭人口数	3及以下=1;(3,5]=2;(5,7]=3;7以上=4
劳动力比例/%	30及以下=1;(30,50]=2;(50,80]=3;80以上=4
外出务工比例/%	30及以下=1;(30,50]=2;(50,80]=3;80以上=4
对农业文化遗产了解程度	完全不了解=1;不了解=2;一般=3;了解=4;完全了解=5
农业文化遗产对生计影响程度	影响非常小=1;影响小=2;影响一般=3;影响大=4;影响非常大=5
农业文化遗产是否值得保护	非常不值得=1;不值得=2;一般=3;值得=4;非常值得=5

自变量	B偏回归系数	标准差	Wald检验值	自由度	显著性水平	Exp(B)检验值
性别	-0.080	0.564	0.020	1	0.887	0.923
年龄	0.359	0.254	1.990	1	0.158	1.432
教育程度	0.421	0.367	1.317	1	0.251	1.524
家庭年收入	0.880	0.310	8.030	1	0.005**	2.410
家庭人口数	-0.916	0.299	9.401	1	0.002**	0.400
劳动力比例	-0.584	0.292	4.010	1	0.045*	0.557
外出务工比例	-0.391	0.250	2.454	1	0.117	0.676
对农业文化遗产了解程度	0.728	0.254	8.229	1	0.004**	2.071
农业文化遗产对生计影响程度	-0.538	0.193	7.794	1	0.005**	0.584
农业文化遗产是否值得保护	0.173	0.284	0.373	1	0.541	1.189
常数项	-2.586	2.373	1.187	1	0.276	0.075

Value and conservation actors of Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS) from the perspective of rural households

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自变量	B系数	标准差	自由度	F值	显著性水平	重要性
性别	0.101	0.056	1	3.299	0.073	0.041
年龄	-0.191	0.131	3	2.106	0.105	0.134
教育程度	0.087	0.115	2	0.573	0.566	0.035
家庭年收入	-0.221	0.168	1	1.724	0.193	0.089
家庭人口数	0.124	0.146	2	0.717	0.491	-0.005
劳动力比例	-0.031	0.144	1	0.046	0.830	0.015
外出务工比例	0.242	0.140	2	2.968	0.056	0.115
对农业文化遗产了解程度	0.103	0.181	2	0.324	0.724	0.015
农业文化遗产对生计影响程度	0.395*	0.133	3	8.777	0.000	0.424
农业文化遗产是否值得保护	0.254**	0.129	3	3.892	0.012	0.136

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