Resources Science ›› 2020, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (3): 508-516.doi: 10.18402/resci.2020.03.09
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XU Tianwei1,2, ZHAO Xinquan1,2, GENG Yuanyue1,2,3, WANG Xungang1,2,3, MAO Shaojuan4, XU Shixiao1,2()
Received:
2019-12-21
Revised:
2020-03-15
Online:
2020-03-25
Published:
2020-05-25
Contact:
XU Shixiao
E-mail:sxxu@nwipb.cas.cn
XU Tianwei, ZHAO Xinquan, GENG Yuanyue, WANG Xungang, MAO Shaojuan, XU Shixiao. Key technologies and optimization model for ecological protection and grass-based livestock husbandry in the source region of the Yellow River[J].Resources Science, 2020, 42(3): 508-516.
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Table 1
Degradation levels, vegetation community characteristics, and major restoration and management technologies of degraded alpine grassland"
退化等级 | 退化植被群落特征 | 主要恢复治理技术 | 技术优势 |
---|---|---|---|
轻度退化 | 植被盖度>70%,可食牧草比例50%~75%,毒杂草生物量比例<30%,草皮层相对完好,植被自我恢复能力较强 | 以植被自我恢复为主。措施以鼠害防治、短期围栏封育和降低放牧强度为主。通过降低草地放牧压力促进退化草地功能恢复 | 治理成本低、恢复效果明显 |
中度退化 | 植被盖度50%~70%,可食牧草比例30%~50%,毒杂草生物量比例>50%,草皮层破坏面积不大 | 采用植被自我恢复和人工植被恢复结合的方法。措施以鼠害防治、灭除杂草、补播、施肥、围栏封育和降低草地放牧强度为主。通过封育+补播、封育+补播+施肥、施肥等3类技术组合建立半人工草地 | 可显著提高草地生产力和优良牧草比例 |
重度退化 | 植被盖度30%~50%,可食牧草比例15%~30%,毒杂草生物量比例60%~80%,草皮层破坏严重 | ① 坡度<7°,土壤厚度>20 cm,选择适宜草种建设人工草地;② 坡度7~25°,选择适宜草种建设半人工草地;③ 坡度>25°,采用长期封育,辅以补播和施肥 | 可较大程度恢复退化植被 |
Table 2
Comparison of vegetation community characteristics and biomasses between short-term rest-grazing and continuous grazing plots during vegetation green-up period in an alpine meadow"
指标类型 | 返青期短期休牧 | 返青期连续放牧 | 平均增幅/% |
---|---|---|---|
群落高度/cm | 8.13±0.86 a | 3.24±0.53 b | 105.92 |
植被覆盖度/% | 95.83±4.07 a | 76.62±8.11 b | 25.08 |
植被地上生物量/(g/m2) | 379.46±67.41 a | 176.93±53.74 b | 114.54 |
植被地下生物量/(g/m2) | 2791.36±649.40 a | 1965.31±681.07 b | 42.04 |
Table 3
Vegetation community characteristics and biomasses in an alpine steppe under different grazing regimes"
指标类型 | 传统常年连续放牧 | 冷季适度放牧 | 暖季适度放牧 |
---|---|---|---|
群落高度/cm | 3.61±0.20 b | 14.63±0.68 a | 13.27±1.20 a |
植被覆盖度/% | 73.20±2.15 b | 85.25±1.36 a | 82.61±2.77 a |
植被地上生物量/(g/m2) | 71.34±9.15 b | 126.62±9.02 a | 100.07±8.59 a |
植被地下生物量/(g/m2) | 867.34±103.03 b | 1347.81±102.43 a | 1083.81±85.03 ab |
Table 6
Comparison between traditional grassland livestock husbandry and ecological grass-based livestock husbandry in the source region of the Yellow River"
生产环节 | 传统草地畜牧业 | 生态草牧业 |
---|---|---|
草地利用 | 天然草地长期超载过牧,草地退化严重 | 开展退化草地恢复治理,未退化草地开展基于返青期休牧的放牧管理季节优化,有效促进了高寒草地科学管理与合理利用 |
饲草供给 | 冷季饲草储备和营养品质差(人工草地建植面积小) | 人工草地建植面积增加,优良牧草青贮技术得到规模化应用,此外还有草块、草颗粒等加工利用方式,显著提升了牧草营养品质(青贮技术可使牧草粗蛋白达到8.0%左右),有效缓解了冷季饲草匮乏和营养品质差的问题 |
饲养方式 | 单户经营为主,常年单一放牧,因家畜冷季掉膘减重造成的经济损失大 | 成立专业合作社,采用暖季合理放牧+冷季舍饲出栏等技术,显著提高了家畜出栏率和农牧民养殖收益 |
生产效率 | 家畜饲养周期长(高寒牧区放牧藏系绵羊一般饲养至5岁以上),饲草转化效率低 | 牦牛和藏系绵羊的饲养周期分别缩短1.5年和2.5年,显著提高了草牧业生产效率 |
经营收益 | 传统草地畜牧业经营收益低,农牧民生活相对贫困 | 草地生态保护与生态草牧业协调发展,同时带动发展二、三产业,显著提升了农牧民经营收益 |
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