黄河源区生态保护与草牧业发展关键技术及优化模式

doi:10.18402/resci.2020.03.09

Abstract

Abstract:

The source region of the Yellow River is an important ecological barrier and grass-based livestock husbandry area in China. It plays a significant role in ensuring the national ecological security and improving local pastoralists’ livelihood. Since the 1970s, alpine grasslands in this region have been degraded to varying degrees under the combined influences of climate change and human activity, which has posed certain threat for local grass-based livestock husbandry, regional ecological security, and the sustainable development of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin. Since 2000 the state has implemented a series of ecological protection and construction projects to curb alpine grassland degradation in the source region of the Yellow River. As expected the grassland ecological environment in this area has been gradually improved since project implementation, but the grassland degradation trend has not been effectively curbed. In order to promote the ecological protection and economic development in the source region of the Yellow River, we systematically reviewed the research, demonstration and application works in relevant fields, and summarized a regional suitable technology system for grassland ecological protection and grass-based livestock husbandry development, then established a regional coupling development model based on the optimal allocation of grass-livestock resource. Additionally, we analyzed the application effects of related conservation and development technologies based on our case studies, also we proposed suggestions for the management of degraded alpine grassland and the development of ecological grass-based livestock husbandry in this region. The paper offers a certain enlightenment to promote the grassland ecological protection and high-quality development in the source area of the Yellow River.

Key words: source region of the Yellow River, alpine grasslands, grassland degradation, ecological protection, grass-based livestock husbandry, artificial grassland, high-quality development

XU Tianwei, ZHAO Xinquan, GENG Yuanyue, WANG Xungang, MAO Shaojuan, XU Shixiao. Key technologies and optimization model for ecological protection and grass-based livestock husbandry in the source region of the Yellow River[J].Resources Science, 2020, 42(3): 508-516.

Figures/Tables 7

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退化等级	退化植被群落特征	主要恢复治理技术	技术优势
轻度退化	植被盖度>70%,可食牧草比例50%~75%,毒杂草生物量比例<30%,草皮层相对完好,植被自我恢复能力较强	以植被自我恢复为主。措施以鼠害防治、短期围栏封育和降低放牧强度为主。通过降低草地放牧压力促进退化草地功能恢复	治理成本低、恢复效果明显
中度退化	植被盖度50%~70%,可食牧草比例30%~50%,毒杂草生物量比例>50%,草皮层破坏面积不大	采用植被自我恢复和人工植被恢复结合的方法。措施以鼠害防治、灭除杂草、补播、施肥、围栏封育和降低草地放牧强度为主。通过封育+补播、封育+补播+施肥、施肥等3类技术组合建立半人工草地	可显著提高草地生产力和优良牧草比例
重度退化	植被盖度30%~50%,可食牧草比例15%~30%,毒杂草生物量比例60%~80%,草皮层破坏严重	① 坡度<7°,土壤厚度>20 cm,选择适宜草种建设人工草地;② 坡度7~25°,选择适宜草种建设半人工草地;③ 坡度>25°,采用长期封育,辅以补播和施肥	可较大程度恢复退化植被

指标类型	返青期短期休牧	返青期连续放牧	平均增幅/%
群落高度/cm	8.13±0.86 a	3.24±0.53 b	105.92
植被覆盖度/%	95.83±4.07 a	76.62±8.11 b	25.08
植被地上生物量/(g/m²)	379.46±67.41 a	176.93±53.74 b	114.54
植被地下生物量/(g/m²)	2791.36±649.40 a	1965.31±681.07 b	42.04

指标类型	传统常年连续放牧	冷季适度放牧	暖季适度放牧
群落高度/cm	3.61±0.20 b	14.63±0.68 a	13.27±1.20 a
植被覆盖度/%	73.20±2.15 b	85.25±1.36 a	82.61±2.77 a
植被地上生物量/(g/m²)	71.34±9.15 b	126.62±9.02 a	100.07±8.59 a
植被地下生物量/(g/m²)	867.34±103.03 b	1347.81±102.43 a	1083.81±85.03 ab

指标类型	黑麦/箭舌豌豆混播人工草地	未退化高寒草地
鲜草产量/(t/hm²)	51.44±7.59	5.83±0.34
干草产量/(t/hm²)	13.26±1.26	3.03±0.29
鲜草增加倍数	8.87±1.44	1.00
干草增加倍数	4.41±0.63	1.00

指标类型及占比/%	燕麦青干草	燕麦/箭筈豌豆青贮草
牧草粗蛋白	5.69	8.40
牧草粗脂肪	2.12	2.31
酸性洗涤纤维	31.73	28.52
中性洗涤纤维	54.62	50.16

Key technologies and optimization model for ecological protection and grass-based livestock husbandry in the source region of the Yellow River

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饲草供给	冷季饲草储备和营养品质差（人工草地建植面积小）	人工草地建植面积增加,优良牧草青贮技术得到规模化应用,此外还有草块、草颗粒等加工利用方式,显著提升了牧草营养品质（青贮技术可使牧草粗蛋白达到8.0%左右）,有效缓解了冷季饲草匮乏和营养品质差的问题
饲养方式	单户经营为主,常年单一放牧,因家畜冷季掉膘减重造成的经济损失大	成立专业合作社,采用暖季合理放牧+冷季舍饲出栏等技术,显著提高了家畜出栏率和农牧民养殖收益
生产效率	家畜饲养周期长（高寒牧区放牧藏系绵羊一般饲养至5岁以上）,饲草转化效率低	牦牛和藏系绵羊的饲养周期分别缩短1.5年和2.5年,显著提高了草牧业生产效率
经营收益	传统草地畜牧业经营收益低,农牧民生活相对贫困	草地生态保护与生态草牧业协调发展,同时带动发展二、三产业,显著提升了农牧民经营收益

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