土地经营规模对化肥使用效率的影响——以江苏省为例

doi:10.18402/resci.2019.07.05

Abstract

Abstract:

Moderate management scale is an inexorable trend of modern agriculture development. Examining the effect of management scale on fertilizer use efficiency and whether moderate management scale can improve fertilizer use efficiency and realize zero growth of fertilizer application is of great significance for promoting sustainable development. Based on farm-level data collected from Jiangsu Province and a stochastic production frontier model, this study estimated the fertilizer use efficiency and the elasticities of land, fertilizer, and labor with respect to output. Furthermore, this study adopted the Tobit model to estimate the main factors influencing fertilizer use efficiency. The empirical results show that the average fertilizer use efficiency was 0.53 in Jiangsu, implying that about 47% fertilizer was not effectively absorbed by crops. Farm size has significantly different impacts on fertilizer use efficiency, expansion of large-scale farms would increase fertilizer use efficiency, whereas expansion of small-scale farms would decrease fertilizer use efficiency, which would result in a serious waste of fertilizer. In general, the fertilizer use efficiency of Jiangsu Province is generally low, but expanding the scale of operation will help to improve the fertilizer use efficiency under certain conditions. Based on these results, we conclude that it is necessary to promote the reduction of farmers’ fertilizer use costs through the economy of scale and division of labor, guide small-scale farmers to outsource services in the fertilization process, thus reducing the once for all and over-fertilization tendency; promote precision fertilization technology by local governments to reduce the unintended excessive fertilization of farmers; and make full use of the scale of economy effects and further promote appropriate scale management.

Key words: farm size, transfer-in land, fertilizer use efficiency, stochastic frontier production functions, Jiangsu Province

Wei ZOU, Xiaoyuan ZHANG. Effects of land management scale on fertilizer use efficiency: Taking Jiangsu as an example[J].Resources Science, 2019, 41(7): 1240-1249.

Figures/Tables 6

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References 38

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变量	变量说明及单位	平均值	标准差
被解释变量
水稻总产量	农户2016年的水稻总产量/kg	43544.93	147516.10
化肥使用效率	计算值	0.53	0.10
解释变量
化肥投入量	水稻生产中化肥投入的折纯量/kg	2603.69	8487.73
劳动力投入量	水稻生产中劳动总用工数/人	167.03	487.25
其他中间投入	包括种子费、水费以及管理费等费用总和/元	35415.76	114424.90
水稻单产	kg/亩	595.89	50.38
种植规模	水稻实际种植面积/亩	75.70	253.42
年龄	户主实际年龄/岁	58	9.73
户主受教育程度	0=文盲;1=小学;2=初中;3=高中;4=大专及以上	2.35	0.67
化肥价格	农户购买化肥的总费用/化肥折纯量/（元/kg）	4.38	0.45
相对于上一年是否转入土地	1=是;0=否	0.43	0.50
种植规模×相对于上一年是否转入土地	水稻种植规模与相对于上一年是否转入土地的交叉项	67.01	252.37
苏中	1=苏中;其他=0	0.28	0.45
苏北	1=苏北;其他=0	0.38	0.49

规模区间	<10亩	[10,30)亩	[30,50)亩	[50,100)亩	[100,200)亩	≥ 200亩
样本数量/个	236	24	5	14	15	37
平均规模/亩	4.22	14.67	40.84	64.13	124.32	560.59
种植总面积/亩	996.10	352.01	204.20	897.80	1864.80	20741.78
每亩化肥施用量/kg	35.58	38.27	32.74	32.82	32.98	34.60
均超过国际化肥安全施用上限：15 kg/亩

变量	系数	变量	系数
化肥	-0.886(0.88)	土地平方	0.565*(0.34)
土地	4.571***(1.65)	土地与劳动力	0.157**(0.07)
劳动力	0.305(0.36)	土地与其他中间投入	-0.626***(0.21)
其他中间投入	-2.655**(1.14)	劳动力平方	-0.066(0.04)
化肥平方	-0.164(0.15)	劳动力与其他中间投入	0.035(0.06)
化肥与规模	-0.032(0.19)	其他中间投入平方	0.261(0.18)
化肥与劳动力	-0.126**(0.05)	常数项	15.624***(4.21)
化肥与其他中间投入	0.292**(0.12)	Sigma_v²	0.002(0.00)
γ	0.979(0.02)	Sigma_u²	0.091(0.09)
样本量	331	Log likelihood	398.78

变量	苏南	苏中	苏北	江苏
化肥产出弹性	0.01	0.01	0.00	0.01
土地产出弹性	1.00	1.01	1.02	1.01
劳动产出弹性	-0.02	-0.02	-0.02	-0.02
技术效率	0.92	0.95	0.95	0.94
化肥使用效率	0.51	0.57	0.51	0.53

化肥使用效率	技术效率
化肥使用效率	[0.6, 0.7]（N=1）	(0.7, 0.8]（N=5）	(0.8, 0.9]（N=52）	(0.9, 1.0]（N=273）	合计（N=331）
[0.1, 0.2]	0	0	0	0	0
(0.2, 0.3]	0	20	2	0	1
(0.3, 0.4]	0	40	21	8	10
(0.4, 0.5]	0	20	46	29	31
(0.5, 0.6]	0	20	29	37	35
(0.6, 0.7]	100	0	2	21	18
(0.7, 0.8]	0	0	0	4	4
(0.8, 0.9]	0	0	0	1	1
(0.9, 1.0]	0	0	0	0	0
合计	100	100	100	100	100

Effects of land management scale on fertilizer use efficiency: Taking Jiangsu as an example

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解释变量	模型1		模型2		模型3
解释变量	系数	标准误	系数	标准误	系数	标准误
规模	-0.0001***	0.0000	-0.0004***	0.0001	-0.0003***	0.0001
是否转入土地	-0.0514***	0.0099	-0.0579***	0.0101	-0.0510***	0.0092
规模×是否转入土地			0.0003***	0.0001	0.0002**	0.0001
水稻单产					0.0008***	0.0001
年龄	-0.0017***	0.0005	-0.0016***	0.0005	-0.0012**	0.0005
小学相对文盲	-0.0757	0.0628	-0.0797	0.0622	-0.0953*	0.0563
初中相对文盲	-0.0863	0.0600	-0.0882	0.0594	-0.1140**	0.0539
高中相对文盲	-0.0979	0.0603	-0.1021*	0.0597	-0.1288**	0.0542
大专及以上相对文盲	-0.0751	0.0653	-0.0819	0.0647	-0.1203**	0.0587
化肥价格	0.0016	0.0104	-0.0011	0.0103	0.0040	0.0094
苏中相对于苏南	0.0607***	0.0120	0.0559***	0.0120	0.0320***	0.0113
苏北相对于苏南	0.0048	0.0114	0.0002	0.0114	-0.0256**	0.0107
常数项	3.8865***	1.0510	3.7332***	1.0419	2.4884**	0.9549
似然比检验	149.34		156.13		221.67
观测量	331		331		331

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