政府推动背景下森林碳汇项目农户参与的制约因素研究

doi:10.18402/resci.2018.05.19

Abstract

Abstract:

670 rural households which participated in two typical Forest Carbon Sequestration Projects(Afforestation and reforestation project under the Clean Development Mechanism) driven by government in Sichuan Province as samples and using Structural Equation Model, we researched the factors that restrict the farmers' participation on the basis of Embedded Social Structure Theory. The results of the study show that there are three important reasons leading to low degree of farmers' participation. Firstly, It is difficult to meet the strict requirements of the construction of carbon sequestration forest because of the backwardness of afforestation technology of farmers; And then, firm admittance criterion of forest land makes the forest land which many households have the right of contracted management can not be included in the Forest Carbon Sequestration Project. Finaly, there are no demonstration organizations that can drive the households to participate in Forest Carbon Sequestration Project because of weakening of the function of the informal organization and insufficient development of the formal organization in the community. Therefore, there are three important measures to increase the degree of farmers' participation. Improving farmers' afforestation and forestation technology by carrying out technical training, reducing forest land access standards by optimizing the organization structure of Forest Carbon Sequestration Project, and promoting the development of community organizations such as forestry cooperatives. At the same time, Resource endowment such as the area of forest land, the structure of family labors and the level of income, and social capital such as the relationship network, the degree of trust of the government and the degree of trust of the villagers also affect farmers' willingness and abilities to participate in Forest Carbon Sequestration Projects to a certain extent, although almost all of the forest carbon sequestration projects are now driven by the government.

Key words: Forest Carbon Sequestration Project, participation degree, Embedded Social Structure Theory, Structural Equation Modeling

Rongfa GONG, Weizhong ZENG. Factors restricting the participation of farmers in Forest Carbon Sequestration Projects[J].Resources Science, 2018, 40(5): 1073-1083.

Figures/Tables 6

Figure 1

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Evaluation criteria and descriptive analysis of explanatory variables of participation"

潜变量	可测变量及量化	川西北-平武项目		川西南-甘洛项目
潜变量	可测变量及量化	均值	标准差	均值	标准差
B参与程度	B11:是否参加或知晓有代表本底调查（问卷、座谈等）——是=1;否=0	0.922	0.072	0.949	0.049
	B12:是否就规划设计提出自己或村民代表的意见——是=1;否=0	0.341	0.225	0.327	0.220
	B21:是否公示（公告）项目规划或签订合同——是=1;否=0	0.810	0.154	0.955	0.043
	B22:是否参与培训——是=1;否=0	0.849	0.128	0.455	0.248
	B23:是否取得宜林地入股或流转收益——是=1;否=0	0.675	0.249	0.481	0.250
	B24:是否取得劳务、管护、放牧和公益林生态补偿等收益——是=1;否=0	0.754	0.185	0.310	0.082
	B25:是否遵守合同——是=1;否=0	0.788	0.167	0.173	0.143
	B31:是否参与项目阶段性验收、监测和评估——是=1;否=0	0.151	0.128	0.256	0.191
	B32:避免矛盾和纠纷的意见是否被采纳——是=1;否=0	0.073	0.067	0.096	0.087
	平均参与程度值	0.300	0.022	0.263	0.037
SF项目特征	SF1:劳动力来源——造林、管护采用专业造林公司=0;造林、管护采用当地农户=1	0.888	0.099	0.276	0.200
	SF2:林地权属——碳汇林产权属于集体=0;碳汇林产权属于农户=1	0.318	0.217	0.776	0.174
	SF3:组织模式——农户单独签约=0;农户联合签约=1	0.875	0.103	0.421	0.135
SE社区特征	SE1:畜牧业依赖度——非常依赖=1;部分依赖=2;不重要=3;不依赖=4;完全不依赖=5	3.626	0.826	2.718	0.869
	SE2:政府支持程度——非常支持=5;支持=4;一般=3;不支持=2;非常不支持=1	3.341	0.716	3.365	1.450
	SE3:村社和睦程度——非常和睦=5;和睦=4;一般=3;不和睦=2;非常不和睦=1	3.000	1.520	3.333	1.107
PF农户个体特征	PF1:文化程度——高中及以上=5;初中至高中=4;小学至初中=3;小学以下=2; 没上学=1	3.143	0.500	2.365	0.693
	PF2:户主年龄——(0.8,1]=5;(0.6,0.8]=4;(0.4,0.6]=3;(0.2,0.4]=2;(0,0.2]=1	3.123	1.192	3.947	1.113
	PF3:性别——女性=0,男性=1	0.897	0.093	0.689	0.214
PE家庭经营特征	PE1:收入水平——(0.8,1]=5;(0.6,0.8]=4;(0.4,0.6]=3;(0.2,0.4]=2;(0,0.2]=1	3.034	0.513	2.032	1.454
	PE2:林地面积——(0.8,1]=5;(0.6,0.8]=4;(0.4,0.6]=3;(0.2,0.4]=2;(0,0.2]=1	3.654	0.852	2.660	1.288
	PE3:劳动力比例——(0.8,1]=5;(0.6,0.8]=4;(0.4,0.6]=3;(0.2,0.4]=2;(0,0.2]=1	2.765	0.772	3.468	1.044
PS家庭社会资本特征	PS1:关系网络——是否有亲戚是村社或乡镇或以上干部：有=1,没有=0	0.092	0.084	0.074	0.068
	PS2:政府信任程度——完全信任=5;部分信任=4;没感觉=3;不信任=2; 完全不信任=1	3.847	1.255	2.481	1.249
	PS3:村民信任程度——完全信任=5;部分信任=4;没感觉=3;不信任=2; 完全不信任=1	1.788	1.167	3.941	0.817
BI参与意愿	BI1:间接参与意愿——非常愿意=5;愿意=4;不一定=3;不愿意=2;非常不愿意=1	3.877	0.253	3.045	0.645
	BI2:林地投入——非常愿意=5;愿意=4;不一定=3;不愿意=2;非常不愿意=1	3.872	0.195	2.840	0.571
	BI3:劳动力投入——非常愿意=5;愿意=4;不一定=3;不愿意=2;非常不愿意=1	3.849	0.318	2.872	0.432

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

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项目	川西南-甘洛县项目	川西北-平武县项目
资金来源	诺华57%;政府配套43%	国家投入造林种苗,大渡河造林局自筹资金
林地来源	以农户宜林荒山、轮歇地为主,部分集体林地	以村民小组集体林地为主,部分农户自留林地
利益分配	木材收益100%归农户; 碳汇收益100%归诺华	木材收益100%归农户;碳汇收益30%归农户,25%归大渡河造林局,20%归平武县林业局, 25%用于经营管理支出
经营管理	大渡河造林局统一管理;企业雇佣当地部分农户抚育管护	大渡河造林局和平武县林业局管理;平武县林业局雇请当地农户或护林员进行后期抚育管护
造林主体	雷波造林公司,部分采用当地农户	当地造林施工队,并由保护区负责施工前技术培训,技术人员现场指导

一级指标	二级指标	标准因子载荷	有效因子数	克伦巴赫系数	Bartlett
SF项目特征	SF1:劳动力来源	0.607	1	0.572	242.483***
	SF2:林地权属	0.741
	SF3:组织模式	0.719
SE社区特征	SE1:畜牧业依赖度	0.693	1	0.567	49.307***
	SE2:政府支持程度	0.743
	SE3:村社和睦程度	0.772
PF农户个体特征	PF1:文化程度	0.768	1	0.591	113.489***
	PF2:户主年龄	0.559
	PF3:性别	0.534
PE家庭经营特征	PE1:收入水平	0.572	1	0.491	63.480***
	PE2:林地面积	0.603
	PE3:劳动力比例	0.579
PS家庭社会资本特征	PS1:关系网络	0.733	1	0.542	57.361***
	PS2:政府信任程度	0.699
	PS3:村民信任程度	0.807
BI参与意愿	BI1:间接参与意愿	0.839	1	0.726	749.050***
	BI2:林地投入	0.908
	BI3:劳动力投入	0.898
B参与程度	B11:是否参加或知晓有代表本底调查（问卷、座谈等）	0.684	1	0.572	285.764***
	B12:是否就规划设计提出自己或村民代表的意见	0.684
	B21:是否公示（公告）项目规划或签订合同	0.717
	B22:是否参与培训	0.721
	B23:是否取得宜林地入股或流转收益	0.754
	B24:是否取得劳务、管护、放牧和公益林生态补偿等收益	0.677
	B25:是否遵守合同	0.703
	B31:是否参与或知晓项目阶段性验收、监测和评估	0.725
	B32:避免矛盾和纠纷的意见是否被采纳	0.693

路径	模型1总模型	模型2甘洛县	模型3平武县	路径	模型1总模型	模型2甘洛县	模型3平武县
B←SF	0.855**	0.915**	0.890**	SE1←SE	0.892	0.903	0.317
B←SE	0.783*	0.866*	0.701**	SE2←SE	0.884	0.780	0.988
B←PF	0.318*	0.357**	0.291*	SE3←SE	0.687	0.538	0.718
B←PE	0.297*	0.333**	0.274**	PF1←PF	0.875	0.801	0.863
B←PS	0.757**	0.743***	0.777**	PF2←PF	0.886	0.839	0.894
B←BI	0.357	0.277**	0.197**	PF3←PF	0.671	0.699	0.605
BI←SF	0.494*	0.451**	0.502*	PE1←PE	0.915	0.844	0.972
BI←SE	0.538*	0.687**	0.494*	PE2←PE	0.848	0.819	0.875
BI←PF	0.535**	0.570**	0.505**	PE3←PE	0.895	0.921	0.814
BI←PE	0.511**	0.483**	0.512**	PS1←PS	0.933	0.852	0.960
BI←PS	0.507**	0.537*	0.495*	PS2←PS	0.947	0.863	0.991
SF1←SF	0.719	0.972	0.668	PS3←PS	0.959	0.936	0.978
SF2←SF	0.734	0.683	0.899	BI1←BI	0.894	0.891	0.910
SF3←SF	0.607	0.577	0.615	BI2←BI	0.816	0.855	0.738
				BI3←BI	0.870	0.894	0.841

Factors restricting the participation of farmers in Forest Carbon Sequestration Projects

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参与阶段	参与行为	指标量化
B1：规划设计阶段	B11:是否参加或知晓本底调查（问卷、座谈等）	是=1;否=0
B1：规划设计阶段	B12:是否就规划设计提出自己或村民代表的意见	是=1;否=0
B2：组织建设阶段	B21:是否公示（公告）项目规划或签订合同	是=1;否=0
	B22:是否参与培训	是=1;否=0
	B23:是否取得宜林地入股或流转收益	是=1;否=0
	B24:是否取得劳务、管护、放牧和公益林生态补偿等收益	是=1;否=0
	B25:是否遵守合同	是=1;否=0
B3：监测评估阶段	B31:是否参与项目阶段性验收、监测和评估	是=1;否=0
B3：监测评估阶段	B32:避免矛盾和纠纷的意见是否被采纳	是=1;否=0

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