中国快速城镇化背景下都市区农业多功能性演变特征综述

doi:10.18402/resci.2018.04.02

Abstract

Abstract:

Agriculture can provide multiple economic, ecological and social functions beyond food and fibre production. Agricultural multifunctionality is an important issue in agricultural transformation, land use management and sustainable urban development in metropolitan areas under rapid urbanization. In China, much research has focused on agricultural multifunctionality or the impacts of urbanization on agriculture. However, there is still a lack of synthetic studies regarding the application of the Multifunctional Agriculture research paradigm on analyzing the change and adaptation of agriculture in metropolitan areas. Based upon an extensive review in China we aimed to illustrate the conceptual framework of agricultural multifunctionality and summarize the assessment indicators in order to create a widely accepted research framework for agricultural multifunctionality. We also aimed to analyze changes in agricultural multifunctionality and agricultural systems in metropolitan areas under rapid urbanization in China. The results show that rapid urbanization has changed not only the main types of agricultural functions in metropolitan areas but also interactions among functions. Different adaptation strategies by different stakeholders led to seven main categories of agricultural systems, including the farmer-household-based agro-tourism, specialized and large-scale food production and processing groups, agricultural scientific research parks, enterprise-based recreational agricultural parks, public agricultural parks, conservation agriculture and community supported agriculture. Changes in the main activities and functions of these agricultural systems show a trend towards high multifunctionality of agriculture in metropolitan areas in China. Finally, suggestions are provided to promote research on agricultural multifunctionality and policy-making for the development of sustainable metropolitan agriculture in China.

Key words: urbanization, metropolitan area, agricultural multifunctionality, China, review

Jiao HUANG, Shuangcheng LI. A review of change in agricultural multifunctionality in metropolitan areas under rapid urbanization in China[J].Resources Science, 2018, 40(4): 664-.

Figures/Tables 5

Figure 1

Table 1

Indicators for assessing agricultural multifunctionality in the literature"

功能类别	功能名称	评价内容	代表性评价指标
经济功能	农业产品或服务的经济收益	粮食、蔬菜、瓜果及其他经济作物产品,或经营农业观光、民俗旅游、科普教育等活动带来的经济收益对农民收入与消费的影响、对财政的贡献、或对区域经济发展的作用	① 总量指标：农林牧渔产值,农业支出,农产品出口额,农业相关产业所缴税金^[9] ② 单位面积指标：单位面积粮食产量和单位面积农产品总产值^[18] ③ 人均指标：农业劳动生产率,土地综合生产率,农民人均纯收入,农产品人均占有量^[13,14] ④ 占比指标：观光农业收入占所在县市总收入的比重^[18],农业收入在家庭经营收入中的占比^[9],农业总产值占区域GDP的比重^[14],加工业占农业总产值的比重^[13]
生态功能	生态环境调节服务	农业生态系统提供的气候调节、噪声消减、废物处理、土壤保护、水源涵养等调节服务带给人的收益	① 生态用地面积指标：林地、草地、休耕地、稻田和池塘等的面积或比例^[9,13,17],人均绿地面积^[13,14] ② 农田的生态系统服务价值当量^[14,20-22] ③ 基于模型或经验参数计算的农业生态系统服务数量：固碳释氧^[15,23],净化大气^[23],消纳废物^[23],生物能源^[18],土壤碳储存^[24],水土保持^[25,26]
生态功能	生态环境负面影响的改善	减轻农业活动造成的面源污染、土壤流失、生境质量破坏或生物多样性退化等负面影响的收益	① 措施性指标：单位面积化肥和农药施用量^{[10,13,15,18]},因减少化肥施用获得的补贴数量^[17] ② 结果性指标：观察到野生动物的数量^[17],调整耕作方式后河道水质的改善、鱼群的数量变化、碳排放减少量^[24],耕地破碎度变化^[15]
社会功能	食品安全	供给本地或本国人民的达到特定质量要求的食品	① 单位面积耕地承载的乡村人口数量^[18] ② 食物里程^[27]
	就业	农业生产或服务活动中提供的就业机会	① 总量指标：农业劳动力数量^[28] ② 占比指标：第一产业就业人口占总就业人口的比例^[18],农林牧渔从业人数和女性从业人数分别占农村从业总人数的比重^[13]
	景观、休闲、文化、科教等社会服务	农业景观、民俗旅游、传统农耕文化和农业科研教育活动带给社会的精神收益	① 提供服务的条件：农业文化遗产的数量和级别^[10],农业景观质量和可达性^[17] ② 实际享受的服务：参加农业休闲活动的频率和人员范围^[17],观光农业访客数占所在县市游客总数的比重^[18]

Table 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Table 2

The characteristics, multifunctionality and trends of the seven types of multifunctional agricultural systems in metropolitan areas under rapid urbanization in China"

城镇化适应类型	农业模式	经营主体	主要特征	实例	主要功能	发展趋势
农户自主适应模式	农家乐	农户	向游客提供特色农产品、农事体验、观光、游憩、住宿等	成都郫县和龙泉驿区农家乐^[47];北京郊区民俗村^[48]	增加农民经济收入,带动区域经济发展,促进就业,满足城市居民观光、游憩和体验农耕文化的需求	外来投资经营者比重增加,向旅游企业、度假村转变
政府和企业推动的规模化经营模式	农业产业化组织	企业+专业化组织+ 农户	高度专业化和规模化的农产品生产、加工和销售	北京平谷区农业产业化组织^[49]	增加农民收入和地方财政收入,带动区域经济发展,保障城市食品安全	追求安全、绿色和有机农产品认证,增加观光、采摘等旅游活动
	农业科技园	政府+科研机构+企业	以农业科技的研发和推广为主导,辅以农产品集约生产和销售、观光、休闲和采摘	上海孙桥现代农业园区,陕西咸阳杨凌农业高新技术产业示范区^[50],四季青果林所樱桃观光园^[51]	促进农业科技的研发和推广,增加农民收入和地方财政收入,带动区域经济发展,提供农业科普、教育等服务	与观光、休闲、采摘等服务活动衔接,向综合型农业园区发展
	农业主题观光园	政府+ 企业	以农业观光、休闲活动为主导,附加农产品生产和循环农业科技的研发、示范等	广东肇庆广新农业生态园^[52],北京蟹岛绿色生态度假村^[53]	提供农业观光、休闲、农事体验、农业教育和有机农产品,增加就业,增加地方财政收入,带动区域经济发展	提高园区科技水平,增强示范作用,向综合型农业园区发展
政府主导的保障公共利益的模式	农业公园	政府	基于农业生产和农业景观,开放式的为城市居民提供休憩、社交、教育和康体服务或空间	浙江湖州莫干山红枫农业休闲园^[54],沈阳建筑大学校园稻田^[55]	提供农业景观、游憩、社交和锻炼场所、农事教育与体验和一定的生态环境调节功能	融入城市绿色基础设施网络
政府主导的保障公共利益的模式	生态涵养农业	政府+ 农户	发展农林间作、草畜业、林菌、林禽等保护性耕作模式,控制农业污染,开展有限制的生态旅游	北京门头沟、平谷、怀柔等生态涵养区^[56,57]	提供防风固沙、固碳释氧、净化空气、水源涵养等生态功能,提供有机农产品、景观、休闲空间等	通过生态补偿、有机农产品销售或生态旅游的开展增加农民收入、促进就业
消费者推动的合作型模式	社区支持农业	消费者 +农户	新鲜农产品配送,提供土地供市民租种	北京小毛驴市民农园^[58]	提供农产品供应、农事体验、教育,增加农民收入,增加就业	主要功能类型不发生变化,提高功能水平

Table 2

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A review of change in agricultural multifunctionality in metropolitan areas under rapid urbanization in China

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