保护性耕作技术、种植制度与土地生产率——来自黄土高原农户的证据

doi:10.18402/resci.2017.07.04

Abstract

Abstract:

Analysis of the impact of conservation tillage technology on land productivity can provide a reference for developing environment-friendly farming techniques and achieve sustainable agricultural development in the Loess Plateau region of China. Based on a survey of 476 wheat-maize planting households on the Loess Plateau, extended C-D function and multiple regression models were used to analyze the effect of conservation tillage technology on land productivity under different planting systems. We found that conservation tillage technology had a significant positive effect on crop yield,but its effect was slow-release. Conservation tillage technology had a positive effect on the profit of average ha in the area of two croppings per year system and three croppings per two-year system. The effect of conservation tillage on profit was more obvious when the opportunity cost of family labor input was taken into account. Seed costs,irrigation costs and machinery costs had a positive effect on crop yield,and the impact of pesticide and herbicide on crop yield depends on whether they were prophylactic or controlled. The education level of the head of the household had a positive effect on land productivity. Without considering family labor costs,the scale of family agricultural labor had a positive effect on average profit per ha. The scale of land management was positively related to crop yield,while land fragmentation hindered increases in farmers’ profits. Irrigation convenience was beneficial to increase the profit of average ha in areas of more than one crop a year. Crop yields and profits were higher in flat areas than sloped areas.

Key words: conservation tillage, land productivity, cropping system, Loess Plateau, extended C-D function model, multiple regression model

Wei LI, Caixia XUE, Shunbo YAO, Ruixiang ZHU. Conservation tillage,cropping systems and land productivity for households on the Loess Plateau[J].Resources Science, 2017, 39(7): 1259-1271.

Figures/Tables 8

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省	县（区）	乡（镇）	样本农户/户	所占比例/%
山西	尧都区	县底镇、刘村镇、贺家庄乡	116	24.37
山西	闻喜县	桐城镇、郭家庄镇、神柏乡	125	26.26
陕西	黄陵县	桥山街道办事处、田庄镇、双龙镇	112	23.53
陕西	彬县	小章镇、新民镇、太峪镇	123	25.84
合计			476	100

变量	变量定义	均值	标准差
年龄/岁	户主的年龄	50.74	9.89
受教育程度/年	小学及以下=1,初中=2,高中=3,大专及以上=4	1.86	0.80
农业劳动力规模/人	家庭成员中从事农业生产的人数	1.63	0.62
农业收入占比/%	农业收入/家庭总收入	21.02	0.15
土地经营规模/hm²	农户经营的土地面积	0.37	0.25
肥沃程度	1-5,5=非常肥沃,1=非常贫瘠	3.11	1.54
平均地块面积/（hm²/块）	土地面积/地块数	0.12	0.08
灌溉方便程度	1-5,5=非常方便,1=非常不方便	2.15	1.74
是否是平地	是=1,否=0	0.57	0.28
保护性耕作技术	0-4,根据农户采用保护性耕作核心技术数量多少赋值	1.74	0.95

土地生产率	变量	全部农户	一年一熟制农户	一年两熟制农户	两年三熟制农户
顷均产量	保护性耕作技术	0.027 3 （0.018 5）	0.013 1** （0.006 5）	0.032 1** （0.015 1）	0.062 3 （0.044 3）
	常数项	6.851 7*** （0.233 9）	6.666 7*** （1.929 2）	1.830 2 （1.231 2）	2.398 8*** （0.797 0）
	R²	0.762 5	0.691 6	0.653 6	0.685 4
	F值	136.05	124.17	105.77	71.56
顷均利润1	保护性耕作技术	52.947 6 （37.868 2）	28.786 8 （24.363 6）	51.059 7** （22.562 7）	39.657 4* （20.990 7）
	常数项	249.792 0*** （77.096 4）	410.873 3* （225.587 1）	264.471 0*** （87.128 7）	288.352 0 （259.711 3）
	R²	0.665 9	0.803 4	0.726 1	0.786 7
	F值	49.96	39.62	88.84	36.23
顷均利润2	保护性耕作技术	47.274 8 （56.345 5）	62.779 2 （39.872 1）	69.843 7** （28.022 9）	50.525 3* （26.600 3）
	常数项	146.692 0** （57.835 7）	59.484 7 （60.217 2）	76.695 0* （46.835 7）	80.754 9 （53.591 5）
	R²	0.654 2	0.640 8	0.690 2	0.776 1
	F值	91.20	75.15	115.30	29.85

核心技术	关键技术措施		全部农户		一年一熟制农户		一年两熟制农户		两年三熟制农户
核心技术	关键技术措施		采用	未采用	采用	未采用	采用	未采用	采用	未采用
少耕免耕播种	小麦/玉米少免耕播种	户数	301	175	81	92	157	11	63	72
	小麦/玉米少免耕播种	比例	63.24	36.76	46.82	53.18	93.45	6.55	46.67	53.33
秸秆覆盖（还田）	小麦留茬/玉米秸秆覆盖（还田）	户数	292	184	106	67	127	41	59	76
	小麦留茬/玉米秸秆覆盖（还田）	比例	61.34	38.66	61.27	38.73	75.60	24.40	43.70	56.30
深松	适度深松	户数	106	370	28	145	22	146	56	79
	适度深松	比例	22.27	77.73	16.18	83.82	13.10	86.90	41.48	58.52
病虫草害综合	种子包衣或拌药	户数	222	254	87	86	74	94	61	74
防治	种子包衣或拌药	比例	46.64	53.36	50.29	49.71	44.05	55.95	45.19	54.81
	苗期药物喷洒	户数	453	23	158	15	163	5	132	3
	苗期药物喷洒	比例	95.17	4.83	91.33	8.67	97.02	2.98	97.78	2.22
	人工除草	户数	36	440	3	170	15	153	18	117
	人工除草	比例	7.56	92.44	1.73	98.27	8.93	91.07	13.33	86.67

变量	全部农户	一年一熟制农户	一年两熟制农户	两年三熟制农户
家庭劳动力	0.022 9 （0.021 7）	0.035 3 （0.024 2）	0.030 3 （0.117 6）	0.009 2 （0.065 3）
机械服务费用	0.021 6 （0.021 2）	0.022 9* （0.013 2）	0.008 9 （0.006 1）	0.005 2* （0.002 9）
种子费用	0.002 2* （0.001 2）	0.001 9***（0.000 7）	0.002 3** （0.001 2）	0.004 7* （0.002 8）
肥料费用	0.015 3 （0.031 9）	0.010 1 （0.029 7）	0.020 7 （0.016 7）	0.010 7 （0.010 5）
农药与除草剂费用	0.009 1 （0.020 6）	0.006 7 （0.020 1）	0.009 2* （0.04 7）	0.008 8** （0.003 6）
灌溉费用	0.003 5** （0.001 7）	0.004 7* （0.002 7）	0.006 9* （0.003 6）	0.019 4** （0.008 5）

Conservation tillage,cropping systems and land productivity for households on the Loess Plateau

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土地生产率	变量	全部农户	一年一熟制农户	一年两熟制农户	两年三熟制农户
顷均产量	年龄	0.003 7* （0.002 0）	0.004 8*** （0.001 7）	0.001 3 （0.030 4）	0.006 2 （0.006 9）
	受教育程度	0.015 0** （0.008 1）	0.017 3* （0.009 5）	0.003 6** （0.001 6）	0.018 6** （0.09 4）
	农业收入占比	0.030 7* （0.016 6）	0.019 3 （0.069 2）	0.044 2* （0.025 6）	0.034 8** （0.017 0）
顷均利润1	年龄	1.614 2 （3.973 5）	-2.801 7 （4.368 8）	2.196 8 （4.411 3）	2.504 4 （3.652 8）
	受教育程度	8.398 1* （5.028 7）	20.074 9* （6.156 2）	14.615 1** （6.438 4）	12.610 5** （5.903 1）
	农业劳动力规模	117.614 4** （57.641 1）	61.208 9** （27.746 4）	124.019 5* （72.330 7）	111.098 0** （51.042 3）
	农业收入占比	346.456 2 （257.590 1）	233.410 3 （158.820 7）	120.496 0** （57.327 4）	329.400 8** （147.019 3）
顷均利润2	年龄	1.532 3 （5.912 3）	5.044 4 （5.623 7）	4.366 1 （4.050 1）	1.904 0 （2.442 0）
	受教育程度	9.759 8* （5.654 1）	8.183 2* （4.826 0）	7.771 1** （3.189 1）	9.740 8* （5.626 7）
	农业劳动力规模	114.608 0 （75.766 4）	-39.783 5 （24.747 1）	78.013 8 （45.597 4）	112.655 8 （86.045 2）
	农业收入占比	36.324 4 （28.546 2）	84.482 0 （66.924 2）	28.582 5 （19.658 4）	49.635 6 （32.036 4）

土地生产率	变量	全部农户	一年一熟制农户	一年两熟制农户	两年三熟制农户
顷均产量	土地经营规模（取对数）	0.058 7** （0.029 3）	0.115 7*** （0.034 4）	0.008 7** （0.004 1）	0.009 8* （0.005 6）
	肥沃程度	0.002 2* （0.001 3）	0.002 9* （0.001 5）	0.023 0* （0.011 8）	0.006 5** （0.002 7）
	平均地块面积	0.025 8* （0.010 6）	0.017 8* （0.011 5）	0.005 3** （0.002 7）	0.030 9*** （0.011 5）
	是否是平地	0.032 9** （0.015 5）	0.001 5** （0.000 6）	0.043 0* （0.021 5）	0.091 5** （0.045 7）
顷均利润1	土地经营规模（取对数）	46.662 4 （28.050 5）	87.150 9 （56.627 2）	24.575 4 （18.338 9）	34.030 1 （27.049 2）
	肥沃程度	14.606 3 （43.402 8）	12.975 3* （6.643 4）	2.345 4 （1.962 0）	15.728 8** （6.505 8）
	平均地块面积	43.828 2* （24.177 7）	26.860 8* （16.079 4）	33.885 8** （16.912 1）	9.176 9* （4.998 6）
	灌溉方便程度	114.041 0** （39.703 8）	35.575 2 （45.494 1）	75.539 6* （45.136 1）	99.650 0*** （38.932 3）
	是否是平地	51.926 6* （28.378 7）	22.838 0** （10.454 4）	7.452 3* （4.292 1）	76.366 4* （45.688 9）
顷均利润2	土地经营规模（取对数）	29.688 6 （25.924 3）	124.156 3 （78.902 8）	8.274 1 （21.803 4）	27.212 7 （15.883 2）
	肥沃程度	9.567 2* （5.580 6）	4.791 8 （2.108 5）	4.658 2 （3.265 8）	5.824 5** （2.817 8）
	平均地块面积	83.318 8* （49.852 7）	4.080 0** （1.963 5）	42.676 6* （25.155 7）	62.267 3* （36.183 3）
	灌溉方便程度	7.677 8 （5.907 6）	6.919 2 （5.002 1）	46.135 3** （22.135 6）	5.206 2* （2.800 4）
	是否是平地	13.150 2* （7.415 0）	65.756 2*** （22.723 3）	20.571 4* （12.376 6）	14.902 9* （8.766 4）

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变量	一年一熟制农户		一年两熟制农户		两年三熟制农户
变量	均值	标准差	均值	标准差	均值	标准差
家庭劳动力/（天/hm²）	36.90	48.15	97.04	163.65	62.90	165.90
家庭劳动力折算支出/（元/hm²）	1 647.01	185.37	6 951.90	425.79	3 811.14	305.49
机械服务费用/（元/hm²）	1 497.60	68.47	2 534.89	99.13	1 710.38	97.35
种子费用/（元/hm²）	499.65	44.62	1 063.36	62.04	725.29	40.28
肥料费用/（元/hm²）	1 828.50	64.21	3 298.56	153.09	2 527.18	85.44
农药与除草剂费用/（元/hm²）	272.40	15.01	534.37	29.45	395.42	18.51
灌溉费用/（元/hm²）	398.10	52.33	1 725.72	122.92	762.61	60.74