栅格尺度的西藏自治区人居环境自然适宜性综合评价

doi:10.18402/resci.2020.02.17

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

人居环境是人类发展的基础,科学评价人居环境自然适宜性,则是解决资源环境承载力的前提,是实现人与自然和谐共生基本方略的基础性工作。本文基于已有人居环境适宜性研究进一步探讨了人居环境自然适宜性综合评价的方法,并完成了西藏人居环境自然适宜性综合评价。研究表明：①基于条件规则的综合评价法更适合进行西藏人居环境自然适宜性综合评价;②西藏超过3/4的区域为人居环境不适宜地区,大部分分布在藏西北地区;临界适宜地区面积占比为16.78%,主要分布在一江两河地区、昌都市澜沧江上游以及山南和林芝北部地区;适宜地区面积占比仅为5.83%,集中分布在藏东南、一江两河和澜沧江上游的河谷绿洲地带;③西藏不同类型乡村居民点的分布与人居环境适宜性分区有很强的一致性,反映人类生活的乡镇驻地及村庄居民点分布占比随着人居环境适宜程度的增强而增加,代表高原牧区和生态脆弱地区的放牧点和古塔庙宇及文物古迹两类乡村居民点则反之,该结果进一步验证了本文西藏人居环境适宜性综合评价和分区的合理性与可靠性。

关键词: 人居环境自然适宜性, 条件选择, 人居环境指数, 综合评价, 西藏

Abstract:

The natural environment of human settlements is the basis of human development, while the scientific evaluation of human settlement natural environment is not only the premise to improve the carrying capacity of resources and environment but also the basic work to achieve sustainable development. Based on previous research, this article further discussed the evaluation methods of human settlement environmental suitability by taking Tibet as an example. The results show that: (1) The evaluation method based on conditional rules was more suitable for the evaluation of human settlement environmental suitability in Tibet; (2) More than three-quarters of the land in Tibet are unsuitable for human habitation, with most of them distributed in the northwestern part of Tibet; the area of the regions of critical suitability accounts for 16.78% of the total area of Tibet, mainly located in the YarlungZangbo River, Nyangqu River, and Lhasa River basins, the upper reaches of the Lancang River, and the northern parts of Shannan and Linzhi; the areal proportion of suitable regions was only 5.83%, concentrating in the southeast of Tibet, river valleys of the YarlungZangbo River, Nyangqu River, and Lhasa River, and valley oasis in the upper reaches of the Lancang River; (3) The distributions of different types of settlements are highly coupled with human settlement environmental suitability zones in Tibet, the proportion of town and village settlements reflecting human activities had a positive relationship with the degree of human settlement environmental suitability, while negative connection was found between the proportion of sites of pastoral people/ancient temples and relics and degree of human settlement environmental suitability. The results also validate the reliability of our evaluation method and classification of human settlement environmental suitability.

Key words: human settlement environmental suitability, conditional rules, human settlement environment index, comprehensive evaluation, Tibet

游珍, 封志明, 杨艳昭, 施慧, 李鹏. 栅格尺度的西藏自治区人居环境自然适宜性综合评价[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(2): 394-406.

YOU Zhen, FENG Zhiming, YANG Yanzhao, SHI Hui, LI Peng. Evaluation of human settlement environmental suitability in Tibet based on gridded data[J]. Resources Science, 2020, 42(2): 394-406.

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数据类型	数据名称	数据来源
环境	温度、相对湿度、降水	国家气象局数据共享中心
	数字高程模型	USGS制备的全球GTOPO30
	归一化植被指数	中国地球科学数据共享平台
人口	人口密度栅格数据	美国橡树岭实验室
人口	人口统计数据	西藏统计年鉴
基础地理数据	水网分布矢量图	中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所数据中心
基础地理数据	县矢量图层、乡村居民点	中国地球科学数据共享平台

人居适宜性	地形			气候			水文			植被
人居适宜性	地形起伏度	海拔高度/m	相对高差/m	温湿指数	年平均温度/℃	年平均湿度/%	水文指数	降水量/mm	水域比例/%	植被指数
不适宜	>5.0	>5000	>2500	<45	-5.80	45	<5	50	0.07	≤0.2
临界适宜	(3.0,5.0]	(2000,5000]	(1000,2500]	[45,50)	1.69	50	[5,20)	200	1.22	(0.2,0.4]
一般适宜	(1.0,3.0]	(500,2000]	(500,1000]	[50,55)	7.50	55	[20,40)	550	4.42	(0.4,0.5]
				[70,75]	27.67	90
比较适宜	[0.2,1.0]	[200,500]	[50,500]	[55,60)	13.90	65	[40,60)	900	3.93	(0.5,0.6]
				(65,70)	24.11	80
高度适宜	<0.2	<200	<50	[60,65]	19.11	75	[60,80]	1400	2.35	> 0.6

指标名称	计算公式	变量解释	指标含义
地形起伏度	RDLS=ALT/1000+{[max(H)-min(H)]×[1-P(A)/A]}/500	RDLS为地形起伏度;ALT为以某一栅格单元为中心一定区域内的平均海拔,m;max(H)和min(H)分别为该区域内的最高与最低海拔,m;P (A)为区域内的平地面积,km²;A为区域总面积。	区域海拔高度和地表切割程度的综合表征
水文指数	WRI=αP+βWɑ+λL	WRI为水文指数;P为归一化的降水量;Wa为归一化的水网密度;L为归一化的湖泊密度;α、β和λ分别为降水、水网与湖泊的权重。	利用归一化降水量、水网密度、湖泊密度来定量反映不同区域的水文适宜性
植被指数	NNDVI=[NDVI-min(NDVI)] /[max(NDVI)-min(NDVI)]	NNDVI为归一化后的NDVI;max(NDVI)和min(NDVI)分别为该区域内的最高与最低NDVI。	利用植被指数来反映不同区域的植被适宜性
温湿指数	THI=1.8t-0.55(1-f)(1.8t-26)	THI为温湿指数;t为月均温（℃）;f是月均空气相对湿度（%)。	利用温度、湿度来反映区域的部分气候特征

人居环境自然适宜性分区		土地		人口
人居环境自然适宜性分区		面积/万km²	比重/%	总量/万人	比重/%	人口密度/（人/km²）
不适宜地区	永久不适宜	53.33	43.41	0.08	0.02	0.00
	条件不适宜	41.75	33.98	48.06	14.84	1.15
	小计	95.08	77.39	48.14	14.86	0.51
临界适宜地区	限制性临界适宜	12.58	10.24	83.97	25.92	6.67
	适宜性临界适宜	8.03	6.54	125.57	38.76	15.63
	小计	20.62	16.78	209.54	64.68	10.16
适宜地区	一般适宜	5.49	4.47	63.65	19.65	11.60
	比较适宜	1.67	1.36	2.62	0.81	1.57
	小计	7.15	5.83	66.27	20.46	9.26

人居环境自然适宜性分区		DEM/m	温度/℃	湿度	降水/mm
不适宜地区	永久不适宜地区	5120.36	-6.49	0.36	426.83
不适宜地区	条件不适宜地区	4878.64	-2.68	0.46	548.81
临界适宜地区	限制性临界适宜区	4468.39	0.65	0.49	630.26
临界适宜地区	适宜性临界适宜区	4040.18	2.23	0.53	771.79
适宜地区	一般适宜地区	2448.37	12.07	0.69	882.85
适宜地区	比较适宜地区	1245.23	19.17	0.73	966.68