转入土地连片程度对生产效率的影响

doi:10.18402/resci.2019.09.09

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

农村市场机制不完善使得集中连片的土地流转难以达成,厘清转入土地连片程度对生产效率的影响机制有利于农业适度规模经营的健康发展。本文分别从成本上升和雇工需求增加的视角分析转入土地不连片对生产效率的直接和间接影响,并将安徽省种粮大户的调查数据代入联立方程模型中进行实证检验。主要结果有：①基于土地单产的随机前沿生产函数模型测得的农户资本和劳动的产出弹性分别为0.5246和0.0405,农户的平均技术效率为0.75。②转入地片平均规模对技术效率影响的总效应是0.1132,其中直接效应是0.0827;减少雇工对技术效率的间接影响效应是0.0305,直接效应占总效应的73.06%。③以转入地片数作为解释变量进行稳健性检验的结果显示,转入地片数影响技术效率的总效应为-0.3032,其中直接效应为-0.2692,通过增加雇工对技术效率影响的间接效应为-0.0340,直接效应占总效应的88.79%。分析上述结果得出的主要结论有：①在现阶段农地规模经营中,资本是比劳动更加稀缺的要素,农户总体处于规模报酬递减的阶段,且存在比较严重的技术效率损失。②集中连片地转入土地在直接促进技术效率提升的同时,通过减少雇工数量间接促进技术效率提升;相反,转入土地不连片导致技术效率损失,既包括由于生产成本上升导致的直接效率损失,也包括由于增加雇工引发劳动质量下降、道德风险以及监督成本上升导致的间接效率损失,相比之下,直接效应在总效应中占据主导地位。本文的研究明确了进一步提升农业适度规模经营生产效率的关键在于通过完善土地流转市场促成集中连片的土地流转。

关键词: 土地流转, 连片程度, 生产效率, 直接效应, 间接效应, 种粮大户, 安徽

Abstract:

The imperfection of rural land market mechanism makes it difficult to achieve centralized land transfer. Clarifing the influence of transfer-in land’s centralization degree on production efficiency is beneficial to the healthy development of agriculture operation at moderate scales. This study analyzed the direct and indirect effects of transfer-in land dispersion on production efficiency and used the survey data of large grain farmers in Anhui Province in a simultaneous equation model to perform an empirical test. The main results include: (1) The output elasticity of capital and labor of farmers is 0.5246 and 0.0405 measured by a stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) model based on the yield of unit land area, and average technical efficiency of the farmers is 0.75. (2) The total effect of average size of transfer-in land on technical efficiency is 0.1132, in which the direct effect is 0.0827, the indirect effect on technical efficiency caused by reducing the number of employees is 0.0305, and the direct effect accounts for 73.06% of the total effect. (3) The result of robustness test with the number of transfer-in land parcels as an independent variable shows that the total effect of the number of transfer-in land parcels on technical efficiency is -0.3032, in which the direct effect is -0.2692, the indirect effect on technical efficiency caused by rising number of employees is -0.0340, and the direct effect accounts for 88.79% of the total effect. The main conclusions are: (1) With the present scale of farmland management capital is a more scarce factor than labor, farmers are generally experiencing diminishing returns to scale, and there is a relatively serious loss of technical efficiency. (2) Centralization of transfer-in land is conducive to improving technical efficiency, indirectly promoting technical efficiency by reducing the number of employees at the same time. On the contrary, dispersion of transfer-in land parcels leads to the loss of technical efficiency, including not only the direct loss of efficiency caused by the increase of production costs, but also the indirect loss of efficiency caused by the decrease of labor quality, moral hazard, and the rise of supervision costs caused by the increased number of employees, and comparatively the direct effect is greater than the indirect effect. This article clarifies that the key to further enhance the production efficiency of agriculture operation at moderate scales lies in promoting the centralized land transfer through improving the land transfer market.

Key words: land transfer, centralization degree, production efficiency, direct effect, indirect effect, large grain farmers, Anhui

李博伟. 转入土地连片程度对生产效率的影响[J]. 资源科学, 2019, 41(9): 1675-1689.

LI Bowei. Impact of centralization degree of transfer-in land on production efficiency[J]. Resources Science, 2019, 41(9): 1675-1689.

图/表 9

图1

Table 1

表2

表3

表4

表5

表6

表7

转入土地连片程度影响技术效率的基准模型回归结果"

变量	转入地片平均规模模型			转入地片数模型
变量	Tobit（1）回归结果	Tobit（1）边际效应	OLS（1）边际效应	Tobit（2）回归结果	Tobit（2）边际效应	OLS（2）边际效应
ASC	0.0645**	0.0594**	-0.3247*
	（0.0256）	（0.0236）	（0.1762）
TLA				-0.2697***	-0.2504***	0.7399***
				（0.0388）	（0.0356）	（0.2771）
EMP	-0.0412***	-0.0379***		-0.0365***	-0.0339***
	（0.0072）	（0.0066）		（0.0069）	（0.0064）
AGE	-0.0539	-0.0496	-0.3911	-0.0431	-0.0400	-0.3837
	（0.0830）	（0.0765）	（0.5730）	（0.0791）	（0.0734）	（0.5696）
EDU	-0.0403	-0.0371	1.1075	-0.0460	-0.0427	1.1336
	（0.2028）	（0.1869）	（1.3991）	（0.1933）	（0.1795）	（1.3924）
TRA	0.3343*	0.3081*	-3.7402***	0.2046	0.1899	-3.3679***
	（0.1845）	（0.1699）	（1.2607）	（0.1770）	（0.1643）	（1.2653）
VOF	5.5452***	5.1106***	-7.1644	4.6265***	4.2956***	-4.4601
	（1.2533）	（1.1472）	（8.6468）	（1.2013）	（1.1101）	（8.6573）
ORG	0.7930	0.7309	2.8352	0.7449	0.6916	2.1946
	（1.1212）	（1.0333）	（7.7412）	（1.0630）	（0.9869）	（7.6629）
INC	0.1972*	0.1818*	1.4707**	0.2078**	0.1929**	1.4241**
	（0.1028）	（0.0947）	（0.7062）	（0.0980）	（0.0909）	（0.7032）
LAB	-0.4750	-0.4378	-9.3101***	-0.3012	-0.2797	-10.0117***
	（0.4838）	（0.4458）	（3.3084）	（0.4584）	（0.4255）	（3.2665）
SCA	0.0235**	0.0217**	-0.1622**	0.0419***	0.0389***	-0.2099**
	（0.0116）	（0.0107）	（0.0798）	（0.0114）	（0.0106）	（0.0816）
BUR	-11.4129***	-10.5185***	40.7695**	-11.6464***	-10.8134***	42.1678**
	（2.7561）	（2.5279）	（18.9229）	（2.6213）	（2.4208）	（18.7800）
常数项	82.2149***		33.2948	84.0781***		25.5835
	（5.2295）		（36.0730）	（4.9726）		（35.8259）
σ	10.4537***			9.9673***
	（0.3633）			（0.3464）
Log	-1559.0795			-1539.3500
LR chi²	95.35***			134.80***
Pseudo R²	0.0297			0.0419
F			3.89***			4.30***
R²			0.0881			0.0964
Adj R²			0.0655			0.0740
观测值	414	414	414	414	414	414

表7

表8

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变量名	代码	变量说明	均值	标准差	最大值	最小值
转入地片平均规模	ASC	单位：hm²	5.43	10.81	122.06	0.16
转入地片数	TLA	—	11.25	13.31	65.00	1.00
单位面积土地雇工数量	EMP	单位：工日/hm²	21.90	31.95	128.25	0.00
户主年龄	AGE	—	46.92	6.87	65.00	29.00
户主受教育年限	EDU	从小学开始计算	9.59	2.64	15.00	0.00
户主接受技术培训频率	TRA	单位：次/年	3.01	2.85	20.00	0.00
户主是否村干部	VOF	0=否;1=是	0.25	0.43	1.00	0.00
是否加入产业组织	ORG	0=否;1=是	0.67	0.47	1.00	0.00
上年度家庭人均收入	INC	单位：万元/（人/年）	5.27	5.17	37.00	0.27
家庭务农劳动力数量	LAB	—	2.45	1.10	7.00	1.00
转入土地面积	SCA	单位：hm²	30.56	46.27	366.17	0.67
65岁以上和16岁以下人口占家庭人口比例	BUR	—	0.40	0.20	0.86	0.00

变量	系数	标准误	变量	系数	标准误
资本	3.5572***	0.9002	σ²	0.1912***	0.0261
劳动	0.5114*	0.3094	λ	1.8411***	0.0647
资本二次项	-0.3102***	0.1133	Log	-99.0779
劳动二次项	0.0257	0.0200	Wald chi²	401.96***
资本劳动交互项	-0.0642*	0.0333	观测值	414
常数项	-9.2361***	3.5230

	低效率（TE<0.75）	中效率（0.75≤TE<0.90）	高效率（TE≥0.90）	样本总体
样本数	170	220	24	414
占比/%	41.06	53.14	5.80	100.00

	ASC<0.67	0.67≤ASC<1.67	1.67≤ASC<3.33	3.33≤ASC<6.67	ASC≥6.67	样本总体
TE均值	0.66	0.73	0.76	0.78	0.82	0.75
样本数	69	95	84	72	94	414

	TLA<3.00	3.00≤TLA<5.00	5.00≤TLA<10.00	10.00≤TLA<15.00	TLA≥15.00	样本总体
TE均值	0.82	0.77	0.78	0.73	0.68	0.75
样本数	74	91	105	54	90	414