草原生态保护补助奖励政策对牧户非农就业生计的影响

doi:10.18402/resci.2018.07.03

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

草原生态保护补助奖励政策是中国保障生态安全和牧民生计的重大举措,但现有研究主要关注其对恢复草地生态的影响,对牧户的适应策略和生计影响的研究较少。本文以内蒙古的呼伦贝尔市、锡林郭勒盟、乌兰察布市和包头市为例,探讨草原生态保护补助奖励政策对牧户非农就业的影响。基于2008—2015年的牧户调研数据和计量经济模型的实证分析,得出如下主要结论：① 虽然补奖政策对多数牧户的非农就业和收入起促进的作用,但没有显著改变牧户以畜牧生产为主的生计方式;② 补奖政策与牧户非农就业和收入呈现倒U型的关系,补贴达到一定程度后会产生收入增长而导致休闲需求增长的效应。这些发现不但揭示了草原生态保护补奖政策对牧民生计的影响,而且具有重要的政策含义。

关键词: 生态补偿, 非农就业, 牧民生计, 内蒙古

Abstract:

Grassland ecological compensation policy (GECP) is a major ecological conservation program implemented to ensure ecological security and herdsman’s livelihoods in pastoral regions in China. The existing literature has focused on the impacts of overall grassland ecological compensation policy on restoring grassland ecological functions, but the key to achieving policy goals depends on whether herdsmen can obtain other producing activities after the implementation of the policy, especially in non-agricultural sectors. Current research on this aspect is scant and much of it is qualitative discussion only. Based on estimation of the fixed effects of Probit and Tobit modeling, we explored how the subsidy award policy affects the off-farm strategy of households, off-farm labor force and off-farm income. Using household survey data collected 2008 to 2015 in Inner Mongolia we aimed to reveal the influence of grassland ecological compensation policy on off-farm livelihoods. We found that although grassland ecological compensation policy has facilitated employment and income from off-farm employment for most households, it did not change livelihoods that were highly reliant on grazing animals. The grassland ecological compensation policy and off-farm employment of herdsman have an inverted u-shaped relationship, suggesting that high compensation may lead to a higher demand for leisure. Findings of this study reveal the impacts of current grassland ecological compensation policy on off-farm livelihoods and have important policy implications for perfecting existing policy mechanisms.

Key words: ecological compensation, off-farm employment, herdsmen's livelihood, Inner Mongolia

王丹, 黄季焜. 草原生态保护补助奖励政策对牧户非农就业生计的影响[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(7): 1344-1353.

Dan WANG, Jikun HUANG. Impact of grassland ecological compensation policy on household's off-farm livelihoods[J]. Resources Science, 2018, 40(7): 1344-1353.

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参考文献 18

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样本特征	乌盟	锡盟	呼盟	样本总体
户数/户	66	71	69	206
蒙古族比例/%	73	80	91	82
汉族比例/%	27	20	9	18
家庭特征：
户主年龄/岁	48	44	45	45
家庭人口/人	3.8	3.9	3.8	3.8
劳动力/人	2.8	2.7	2.7	2.7
劳动力受教育年数/年	7.7	7.7	7.5	7.7
非农就业的劳动力/人	0.8	0.3	0.1	0.4
经营草地面积/（hm²/户）	461.5	432.2	637.9	511.3

	乌盟	锡盟	呼盟	样本总体
村级政策覆盖草地面积比例/%
禁牧	63	29	28	39
草畜平衡	36	68	65	57
牧户实施不同政策草地面积/（hm²/户）
禁牧	269	37	132	143
草畜平衡	126	195	271	198
合计	395	232	403	341
牧户实施不同政策措施比例/%
仅禁牧	64	18	19	33
仅草畜平衡	36	80	46	55
二者兼有	0	2	35	12
平均补贴标准/（元/hm²）
禁牧	81.0	96.0	142.5	108.0
草畜平衡	19.5	25.5	36.0	28.5

年份	禁牧补助			草畜平衡奖励			补奖总额
年份	乌盟	锡盟	呼盟	乌盟	锡盟	呼盟	乌盟	锡盟	呼盟
2011	23 765	3 848	20 472	2 566	5 440	10 514	26 331	9 366	30 986
2012	23 184	3 826	19 971	2 503	5 307	10 220	25 687	9 209	30 191
2013	23 993	3 722	19 357	2 434	5 162	9 808	26 428	8 957	29 165
2014	25 512	3 656	18 384	2 870	5 070	9 477	28 382	8 799	27 862
2015	25 738	3 609	18 147	2 833	5 005	9 355	28 571	8 685	27 502

变量	变量描述	单位	均值	标准差
因变量：
Y₁	是否有人从事非农就业	1=是;0=否	0.24	0.43
Y₂	从事非农就业的劳动力人数	人	0.35	0.76
Y₃	非农就业年收入	万元	0.90	2.24
政策变量：
P₁	禁牧补贴	万元	0.97	2.36
P₁²	禁牧补贴的平方项	—	6.53	27.46
P₂	草畜平衡补贴	万元	0.37	0.59
P₂²	草畜平衡补贴的平方项	—	0.49	1.28
家庭特征变量：
H₁	劳动力人数	人	2.78	1.03
H₂	劳动力中男性比例	%	50.52	14.63
H₃	受初中教育的劳动力比例	%	32.36	33.22
H₄	受高中教育的劳动力比例	%	10.89	21.48
H₅	受高中以上教育的劳动力比例	%	6.04	16.12
H₆	劳动力的平均年龄	岁	39.47	6.69
H₇	是否有学龄前儿童（0~5岁）	1=是;0=否	0.18	0.38
H₈	是否有学龄儿童（6~15岁）	1=是;0=否	0.34	0.48
H₉	是否有70岁以上的老人	1=是;0=否	0.08	0.27
非农工资水平：
W	本乡镇农民非农就业年均收入	万元	2.71	1.34

变量	Probit系数	Tobit
变量	Probit系数	系数	条件边际
禁牧补贴	0.128***	0.171***	0.046***
	(0.046)	(0.058)	(0.015)
禁牧补贴平方项	-0.008***	-0.010**	-0.003**
	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.001)
草畜平衡补贴	0.346***	0.638***	0.170***
	(0.117)	(0.214)	(0.057)
草畜平衡补贴平方项	-0.157***	-0.228**	-0.061**
	(0.038)	(0.089)	(0.024)
劳动力人数	0.032	0.373***	0.100***
	(0.041)	(0.070)	(0.019)
男性劳动力比例	-0.001	-0.001	-0.0003
	(0.002)	(0.004)	(0.001)
初中教育劳动力比例	0.001	-0.005	-0.001
	(0.003)	(0.006)	(0.002)
高中教育劳动力比例	0.014***	0.010	0.003
	(0.005)	(0.007)	(0.002)
高中以上劳动力比例	0.023***	0.028***	0.008***
	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.002)
劳动力平均年龄	-0.016	-0.050***	-0.013***
	(0.010)	(0.018)	(0.005)
有学龄前儿童	-0.079	-0.209*	-0.056*
	(0.063)	(0.119)	(0.032)
有学龄儿童	0.277***	0.571***	0.153***
	(0.051)	(0.125)	(0.033)
有70岁以上老人	-0.438***	-0.120	-0.032
	(0.098)	(0.090)	(0.024)
外出农民工年均收入	0.005	0.026	0.007
	(0.016)	(0.030)	(0.008)
年份虚变量	包括	包括	包括
Pseudo R²	0.60	0.75