平原村落空心化特征分析及类型识别

doi:10.18402/resci.2016.02.02

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

成都平原村落空心化日趋成为影响区域土地资源可持续利用的重要问题。本研究以社会经济数据、实地调查数据和航拍影像图为基础,从空心化程度、空废宅基地聚集程度和空心化驱动导向三个维度建立村落空心化类型识别体系,对5个典型样本村落进行空间特征分析与驱动导向判定,将其识别为高度离散外援型空心化等5种类型。结果表明,秦家庙村、中平村和先锋村空心化程度高于7.15%,属高度空心化,永和村和永盛村空心化程度低于7.15%,属低度空心化;各村落平均最邻近距离系数均大于1,空废宅基地聚集程度均为离散;秦家庙村与永盛村空心化驱动导向为外援型,永和村与先锋村为内核型,中平村为外援内核型。本研究对于成都平原农村土地综合整治具有现实意义。

关键词: 平原村落, 空心化, 特征分析, 类型识别, 土地综合整治, 成都

Abstract:

Research into village hollowing in the Chengdu Plain, China has become important and urgent because of the need for the sustainable utilization of land resources. Here, we collected socio-economic data from statistical yearbooks, field investigations and household interviews, and obtainedaerial photographs from private unmanned aerial vehicles. We developed a type identification system for village hollowing from three dimensions: hollowing degree, aggregation degree and driving force. Hollowing degree was defined as the ratio of disused homestead area; aggregation degree was calculated using the Average Nearest Neighbor Distance; and driving force was decidedusing a combined approach of analytic hierarchy and entropy methods. Characteristic analysis and type identification were then conducted to classify five sample villages into five categories such as ‘outer-driving village hollowing with high hollowing degree and scattered settlement distribution’. We found that the hollowing degree of Qinjiamiao, Zhongping and Yongsheng are above 7.15%, indicating that they are at a high level of hollow degree, while that of Yonghe and Yongsheng are below 7.15%, indicating a low hollowing degree.Disused homesteads in the five sample villages are scattered, with nearest neighbor distance indices greater than 1. Driving forces in Qinjiamiao and Yongsheng belong to the outer-driving type, indicating that village hollowing in these areas is deeply shaped by urbanization and industrialization. Yonghe and Xianfeng belong to the inner-driving type, where village hollowing is mainly the consequence of residential condition decline. Zhongping belongs to the outer-inner-driving type, displaying features of two other driving types.

Key words: villages in plain areas, hollowing, characteristics analysis, type identification, land comprehensive consolidation, Chengdu

徐安琪, 高雪松, 李启权, 谢汀. 平原村落空心化特征分析及类型识别[J]. 资源科学, 2016, 38(2): 196-205.

XU Anqi,GAO Xuesong,LI Qiquan,XIE Ting. Characteristic analysis and type identification of village hollowing on the Chengdu Plain[J]. Resources Science, 2016, 38(2): 196-205.

图/表 13

图1

表1

表2

表3

村落空心化类型识别体系"

村落空心化类型	空心化程度			空废宅基地聚集程度			空心化驱动导向
村落空心化类型	高度		低度		聚集	离散	外援型	外援内核型	内核型
高度聚集外援型空心化	$?$			$?$			$?$
高度聚集外援内核型空心化	$?$			$?$				$?$
高度聚集内核型空心化	$?$			$?$					$?$
高度离散外援型空心化	$?$				$?$		$?$
高度离散外援内核型空心化	$?$				$?$			$?$
高度离散内核型空心化	$?$				$?$				$?$
低度聚集外援型空心化		$?$		$?$			$?$
低度聚集外援内核型空心化		$?$		$?$				$?$
低度聚集内核型空心化		$?$		$?$					$?$
低度离散外援型空心化		$?$			$?$		$?$
低度离散外援内核型空心化		$?$			$?$			$?$
低度离散内核型空心化		$?$			$?$				$?$

表3

图2

表4

表5

表6

图3

图4

图5

表7

表8

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样本村落	幅员面积/hm²	耕地面积/hm²	常住人口/人	村民人均年收入/元	主要种植作物
秦家庙村	253.80	219.73	2 900	8 500	水稻、小麦、油菜、花卉
中平村	322.47	221.33	2 880	8 200	水稻、小麦、油菜
永盛村	241.67	173.33	2 580	8 000	水稻、小麦
永和村	115.80	83.87	1 190	8 200	水稻、小麦、苗木
先锋村	219.33	131.00	2 078	7 800	水稻、花卉、苗木

一级指标（变量名）	二级指标（变量名）	计算方法与说明
内核型（X）	人均耕地面积（X₁）	农村总耕地面积／农村总人口
	宅基地粗放利用程度（X₂)	人均宅基地面积／县（市）宅基地利用标准
	住房条件优势度（X₃）	户均房屋建筑面积、户均房屋建筑年份、户均房屋建筑材料3个次级指标的线性加权值,使用层次分析法确定权重;房屋建筑材料：1=土坯,2=砖木,3=砖混
	公共服务设施完善度（X₄）	小学、卫生室、公共娱乐设施、自来水;拥有1项得1分
	交通区位优势度（X₅）	距主干道距离、距乡镇距离与距县城距离3个次级指标的线性加权值,原始数据通过用GIS工具测算,使用层次分析法确定权重
外援型（Y）	城乡收入比（Y₁）	农民纯收入／城镇居民可支配收入
	非农收入比重（Y₂）	农户非农收入/农户总收入
	常年在外劳动力比重（Y₃）	常年在外从业人员/农村总从业人员

村落	A /m²	N	D（ran） /m	ANN /m	NNI
秦家庙村	20 428.40	14	19.10	24.78	1.30
中平村	7 905.16	10	14.06	23.11	1.64
永盛村	17 050.37	15	16.86	28.44	1.69
永和村	9 976.13	5	22.33	43.28	1.94
先锋村	12 694.60	14	15.62	29.10	1.86

迁移位置	村内迁移				村外迁移
迁移位置	紧邻旧宅		村庄外围	其他村组	镇或县城	大城市
迁移户数/户	29	10	6		6	7

排序	指标（变量名）	客观权重	主观权重	复合权重
1	非农收入比重（Y₂）	0.126	0.212	0.333
2	住房条件优势度（X₃）	0.070	0.212	0.185
3	常年在外劳动力比重（Y₃）	0.093	0.155	0.180
4	交通区位优势度（X₅）	0.097	0.136	0.164
5	城乡收入比（Y₁）	0.102	0.119	0.151
6	人均耕地面积（X₁）	0.127	0.063	0.100
7	宅基地粗放利用程度（X₂）	0.099	0.066	0.082
8	公共服务设施完善度X₄	0.090	0.036	0.040