东北黑土区小流域侵蚀产沙WaTEM/SEDEM模型模拟

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

东北黑土区是我国重要的商品粮基地。近年来,受自然因素及人类不合理活动的影响,土壤侵蚀严重。土壤侵蚀模型是预测侵蚀产沙的重要工具,WaTEM/SEDEM模型是一个分布式模型,本文以黑龙江省拜泉县25个水库控制流域为研究对象,采用WaTEM/SEDEM模型模拟小流域侵蚀产沙特征,得到如下结论：研究区模型泥沙输移系数K_TC最佳组合为0.38和0.55;利用WaTEM/SEDEM模型模拟得到的产沙量（SY）与实际值相近,相关系数为0.95;产沙模数（SSY）的模拟值与实际值相关系数为0.34,相关程度相对较低,但均比回归方程模拟得到的产沙量和产沙模数相关程度高。流域泥沙输移比平均值为0.32。以齐心水库控制流域为例,模型模拟发现,流域平均侵蚀模数为351.2t/（km²·a） ,将齐心水库控制流域模拟结果与临近研究区的有关研究进行对比,证实WaTEM/SEDEM在黑土区模拟流域侵蚀产沙有很好的应用前景。该研究可为黑土区土壤侵蚀与水土保持措施实施提供科学依据。

关键词: 东北黑土区, 小流域, 侵蚀产沙, WaTEM/SEDEM, 齐心水库

Abstract:

The black soil region of Northeast China is one of the most important grain bases in China. In recent years,severe soil erosion in this region has been a threat to agricultural production. Soil and sediment transport models are important tools that predict soil erosion and sediment yield under different conditions. However,other models are rarely used except for the RUSLE and slope version WEPP models in the black soil region of Northeast China. The Water and Tillage Erosion Model and Sediment Delivery Model （WaTEM/SEDEM） was developed as a spatially distributed soil erosion and sediment delivery model and is similar to the （R）USLE model. It can spatially model soil erosion and sediment deposition rates and soil redistribution patterns. In this study,the WaTEM/SEDEM model was applied to 25 dam-controlled catchments in Baiquan county in the black soil region. Transport capacity coefficients （K_TC） in the model were first calibrated using sediment yield data of 14 dam-controlled catchments and validated using the remaining 11 dam-controlled catchments. Therefore the optimal K_TC-values of the WaTEM/SEDEM model were 0.38 and 0.55. The correlation coefficient values of sediment yield（SY） and area specific sediment yield （SSY） between observed and predicted values were 0.95 and 0.34,respectively. The simulated results of sediment yield using the WaTEM/SEDEM model were good and the simulated mean sediment delivery ratio （SDR） for the 25 dam-controlled catchments was 0.32. Finally,the calibrated WaTEM/SEDEM was applied to the Qixin dam-controlled catchment. Simulated results showed that the mean soil erosion rate is 351.2t/(km²·a). Erosion rates vary with land use types and slops. Comparison of this study to published results demonstrates that WaTEM/SEDEM gives satisfactory result for the study region. This study provides a basis for the implementation of erosion control measurements in the black soil region,Northeast China.

Key words: black soil region of Northeast China, small catchment, soil erosion and sediment yield, WaTEM/SEDEM, Qixin dam

盛美玲, 方海燕, 郭敏. 东北黑土区小流域侵蚀产沙WaTEM/SEDEM模型模拟[J]. 资源科学, 2015, 37(4): 815-822.

SHENG Meiling,FANG Haiyan,GUO Min. Modeling soil erosion and sediment yield using WaTEM/SEDEM model for the black soil region of Northeast China[J]. Resources Science, 2015, 37(4): 815-822.

图/表 10

表1

研究区25座水库的控制流域面积、产沙模数和产沙量"

	控制面积 /km²	产沙模数 /[t/（km² $?$ a）]	产沙量 /（t/a）		控制面积 /km²	产沙模数 /[t/（km² $?$ a）]	产沙量 /（t /a）
丰收水库*	50.6	100.8	5 100	齐心水库*	9.9	59.5	589.0
共兴水库*	37.0	48.9	1 810	龙泉水库	18.9	72.7	1 374.0
创新水库*	18.9	63.2	1 195	太来水库	12.7	47.6	604.6
千湖水库*	12.9	92.6	1 194	幸福水库	44	48.9	2 153.0
南湖水库*	66.4	90.0	5 976	文化水库	74.6	44.7	3 340.0
卫国水库*	31.4	100.8	3 160	兴盛水库	7.6	19.9	151.0
反美水库*	27.8	50.4	1 401	维新水库	12.3	50.2	618.0
国乐水库*	25.0	52.0	1 300	胜利水库	48.2	126.0	6 069.4
朝阳水库*	24.6	51.6	1 269	自治水库	49	122.4	5 997.6
群众水库*	9.7	50.6	491	英雄水库	25.3	48.9	1 238.0
老等沟水库*	4.0	108.0	432	老头票水库	9.3	100.8	937.0
自建水库*	2.7	99.0	267	新世纪水库	12.8	85.8	1 098.0
进步水库*	17.2	89.7	1 543	新世纪水库	12.8	85.8	1 098.0

表1

表2

图1

图2

图3

图4

表3

研究区产沙量、产沙模数、泥沙输移比的实际值与模拟值对比"

		最大值	最小值	平均值
实际值	SY/（t/a）	6 069.4	151.0	1 972.3
实际值	SSY/[t/（km² $?$ a）]	100.8	19.9	73.0
回归方程模拟值	SY/（t/a）	5 798.7	111.8	2 260.5
回归方程模拟值	SSY/[t/（km² $?$ a）]	501.6	24.2	116.0
WaTEM/SEDEM模型模拟值	SY/（t/a）	5613	188	2 113.6
	SSY/[t/（km² $?$ a）]	154.7	35.5	82.6
	SDR泥沙输移比	0.19	0.53	0.32

表3

表4

齐心水库控制流域侵蚀/沉积特征"

侵蚀/沉积强度/[t/（km² $?$ a）]	面积/km²	百分比/%
极强烈侵蚀（<-8 000）	0.015	0.15
强烈侵蚀（-8 000~-5 000）	0.054	0.54
中度侵蚀（-5 000~-2 500 ）	0.661	6.68
轻度侵蚀（-2 500~-200 ）	3.080	31.12
微度侵蚀（-200~0 ）	3.380	34.15
沉积（>0 ）	2.710	27.36

表4

表5

齐心水库控制流域不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀/沉积强度特征"

土地利用类型	净侵蚀强度 /[t/（km² $?$ a）]	侵蚀强度 /[t/（km² $?$ a）]	沉积强度 /[t/（km² $?$ a）]	占总流域面积的百分比/%
顺坡垄农田（0~3°）	-42.5	-592.8	1 508.4	49.3
等高垄农田（3~5°）	-327.8	-1 569.5	1 860.7	19.2
水平梯田（> 5°）	-70.7	-2 251.2	3 477.2	7.1
草地	-122.1	-1 139.4	2 459.0	10.6
林地	-117.0	-494.2	2 054.0	8.6

表5

图5

参考文献 29

[1]	陈礼耕,刘运河. 黑土地危机与水土保持[A]. 中国水土保持学会.水土保持科学理论与实践[C]. 北京:中国林业出版社,1992.
[2]	张宪奎,许靖华,卢秀琴,等. 黑龙江省土壤流失方程的研究[J]. 水土保持通报,1992,12(4):1-9.
[3]	张树文,王文娟,李颖,等. 近50年来三江平原土壤侵蚀动态分析[J]. 资源科学,2008,30(6):843-849.
[4]	王文娟,张树文,方海燕. 东北典型黑土区坡沟侵蚀耦合关系[J]. 自然资源学报,2012,27(12):2113-2122.
[5]	Verstraeten G.Regional scale modeling of hillslope sediment delivery with SRTM elevation data[J]. Geomoraphology,2006,81(1-2):128-140.
[6]	Verstraeten G,Van R A,Poesen J,et al.Evaluating the impact of watershed management scenarios on changes in sediment delivery to rivers[J]. Hydrobiologia,2003,494(1-3):153-158.
[7]	Van R A,Paolo B,Robert J,et al.Modeling sediment yields in Italian catchments[J]. Geomorphology,2005,65(1-2):157-169.
[8]	Verstraeten G,Prosser P,Fogarty P,et al.Predicting the spatial patterns of hillslope sediment delivery to river channels in the Murrumbidgee catchment,Australia[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2007,334(3-4):440-454.
[9]	Boix-Fayos C,De V J,María M M,et al.The impact of land use change and check-dams on catchment sediment yield[J]. Hydro- logical Process,2008,22(25):4922-4935.
[10]	Feng X M,Wang Y F,Chen L D,et al.Modeling soil erosion and its response to land-use change in hilly catchments of the Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Geomorphology,2010,118(3-4):239-248.
[11]	Shi Z H,Ai L,Fang N F,et al.Modeling the impacts of integrated small watershed management on soil erosion and sediment delivery:A case study in the Three Gorges Area,China[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2012,438(7):156-167.
[12]	方海燕,孙莉英,聂彬彬,等. 基于WaTEM/SEDEM 模型的双枫潭流域侵蚀产沙模拟[J]. 陕西师范大学学报:自然科学版,2014,42(1):92-97.
[13]	孙和平. 小型水库泥沙淤积成因分析及淤积量的初步估算[J]. 地下水,2005,27(3):221-222.
[14]	Desmet P J J,Govers G. A GIS procedure for automatically cal- culating the USLE LS factor on topographically complex landscape units[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1996,51(5):427-433.
[15]	Desmet P J J,Goverts G. Two-dimensional modeling of the within field variation in rill and gully geometry and location related to topography[J]. CATENA,1997,29(3-4):283-306.
[16]	Desmet P J J,Govers G. GIS-based simulation of erosion and deposition patterns in an agricultural landscape:A comparison of model results with soil map information[J]. CATENA,1995,25(1-4):389-401.
[17]	Van Oost K,Govers G,Desmet P J J. Evaluating the effects of changes in landscape structure on soil erosion by water and tillage[J]. Landscape Ecology,2000,15(6):579-591.
[18]	魏建兵,肖笃宁,李秀珍,等. 东北黑土区小流域农业景观结果与土壤侵蚀的关系[J]. 生态学报,2006,26(8):2608-2615.
[19]	翟伟峰,许林书. 东北典型黑土区土壤可蚀性K值研究[J]. 土壤通报,2011,45(5):1209-1213.
[20]	章文波,付金生. 不同类型雨量资料估算降雨侵蚀力[J]. 资源科学,2003,25(1):35-41.
[21]	焦剑,谢云,林燕,等.东北地区降雨-径流侵蚀力研究[J]. 中国水土保持科学,2009,7(3):6-11.
[22]	Nash J E,Sutcliffe J V.River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I:A discussion of principles[J]. Journal of Hydrology,1970,10(3):282-290.
[23]	Lieskovský J. Kenderessy P.Modelling the effect of vegetation cover and different tillage practices on soil erosion in vineyards:A case study in VRÁBLE(Slovakia)using WaTEM/SEDEM[J]. Land Degradation & Development,2012,25(3):288-296.
[24]	盛美玲,方海燕,孙亚茹,等. 东北黑土区小流域侵蚀产沙影响因素分析[J]. 陕西师范大学学报:自然科学版,2015,43(1):86-92.
[25]	简金世. 松花江流域不同侵蚀类型区泥沙输移比的估算[D]. 杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2011.
[26]	王志杰,简金世,焦菊英,等. 基于RUSLE的松花江流域不同侵蚀类型去泥沙输移比估算[J]. 水土保持研究,2013,20(5):50-56.
[27]	孟令钦,李勇. 东北黑土区坡耕地侵蚀沟发育机理初探[J]. 水土保持学报,2009,23(1):7-11.
[28]	魏新. 东北黑土区小流域土壤侵蚀空间分异规律研究[D]. 北京:北京师范大学,2007.
[29]	于寒青,李勇,Nguyen M L,等. 基于FRN技术的我国不同地区典型土壤保持措施的有效性评价[J]. 核农学报,2012,26(2):340-347.

土地利用类型	C值	P值
水域	0	0
农村居民用地	0.030 0	1.000
有林地	0.004 0	1.000
灌木林	0.040 0	1.000
草地	0.043 0	1.000
水田	0.180 0	0.030
顺坡垄农田	0.262 6	1.000
等高垄农田	0.262 6	0.352
水平梯田	0.262 6	0.029